Table 2. Baseline characteristics and prevalence of CVD according to CKD stages.
| Characteristics | CKD stage | P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3a | Stage 3b | Stage 4 | Stage 5 | ||
| Participants | 265 | 419 | 403 | 484 | 522 | 145 | |
| Age, yr | 43.2 ± 11.7 | 50.5 ± 11.7 | 54.9 ± 11.7 | 56.7 ± 11.0 | 57.2 ± 11.1 | 55.7 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
| Female | 138 (52.1) | 142 (33.9) | 127 (31.5) | 177 (36.6) | 208 (39.8) | 77 (53.1) | 0.720 |
| Hypertension | 225 (84.9) | 399 (95.2) | 395 (98.0) | 475 (98.1) | 515 (98.7) | 143 (98.6) | < 0.001 |
| DM | 40 (15.1) | 87 (20.8) | 119 (29.5) | 192 (39.7) | 249 (47.7) | 68 (46.9) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 42 (15.8) | 69 (16.5) | 78 (19.4) | 66 (13.6) | 76 (14.6) | 18 (12.4) | 0.120 |
| Height, cm | 165.2 ± 8.2 | 166.6 ± 8.6 | 165.5 ± 8.2 | 164.0 ± 8.0 | 163.6 ± 8.3 | 161.5 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 66.3 ± 13.4 | 68.7 ± 12.5 | 68.0 ± 12.0 | 66.7 ± 10.4 | 65.7 ± 11.6 | 63.5 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 ± 3.8 | 24.6 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 24.4 ± 3.4 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 0.840 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 126.6 ± 14.3 | 126.4 ± 14.7 | 126.5 ± 15.7 | 126.8 ± 15.5 | 129.7 ± 17.6 | 135.1 ± 20.0 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.6 ± 10.5 | 78.3 ± 11.3 | 76.6 ± 10.3 | 76.0 ± 10.5 | 76.4 ± 12.1 | 77.4 ± 11.8 | 0.003 |
| Primary kidney disease | < 0.001 | ||||||
| GN | 131 (49.4) | 180 (43.0) | 163 (40.4) | 158 (32.6) | 138 (26.4) | 40 (27.6) | |
| DN | 13 (4.9) | 44 (10.5) | 72 (17.9) | 131 (27.1) | 198 (37.9) | 61 (42.1) | |
| HTN | 11 (4.2) | 48 (11.5) | 95 (23.6) | 112 (23.1) | 118 (22.6) | 25 (17.2) | |
| PKD | 94 (35.5) | 118 (28.2) | 52 (12.9) | 45 (9.3) | 42 (8.0) | 13 (9.0) | |
| Unclassified | 16 (6.0) | 29 (6.9) | 21 (5.2) | 38 (7.9) | 26 (5.0) | 6 (4.1) | |
| CVD | |||||||
| Any CVD | 15 (5.7) | 38 (9.1) | 59 (14.6) | 76 (15.7) | 110 (21.1) | 24 (16.6) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary disease | 2 (0.8) | 10 (2.4) | 17 (4.2) | 33 (6.8) | 48 (9.2) | 8 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| MI | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.7) | 5 (1.2) | 12 (2.5) | 14 (2.7) | 2 (1.4) | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 6 (2.3) | 15 (3.6) | 28 (6.9) | 32 (6.6) | 45 (8.6) | 9 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
| PAD | 3 (1.1) | 7 (1.7) | 18 (4.5) | 16 (3.3) | 29 (5.6) | 5 (3.4) | 0.002 |
| Arrhythmia | 5 (1.9) | 9 (2.1) | 11 (2.7) | 9 (1.9) | 19 (3.6) | 3 (2.1) | 0.280 |
| Urine ACR, mg/g | < 0.001 | ||||||
| A1 (< 30) | 79 (31.1) | 114 (29.2) | 65 (17.2) | 51 (11.1) | 23 (4.7) | 4 (2.9) | |
| A2 (30–300) | 80 (31.5) | 124 (31.7) | 130 (34.3) | 154 (33.6) | 129 (26.3) | 24 (17.3) | |
| A3 (≥ 300) | 95 (37.4) | 153 (39.1) | 184 (48.5) | 253 (55.2) | 338 (69.0) | 111 (79.9) | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 110.9 ± 20.6 | 73.3 ± 8.6 | 52.2 ± 4.3 | 37.3 ± 4.2 | 23.1 ± 4.4 | 11.8 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 185.3 ± 38.1 | 179.5 ± 35.7 | 173.3 ± 35.9 | 170.6 ± 39.3 | 169.6 ± 42.3 | 168.9 ± 42.8 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 107.3 ± 33.1 | 102.3 ± 30.5 | 96.5 ± 30.4 | 92.4 ± 30.2 | 92.7 ± 32.4 | 93.7 ± 34.4 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 56.9 ± 15.6 | 52.6 ± 15.6 | 49.6 ± 14.1 | 47.2 ± 14.3 | 45.3 ± 14.7 | 45.3 ± 16.6 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 12.7 ± 1.8 | 11.5 ± 1.5 | 10.5 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Troponin T, ng/mL | 0.006 ± 0.003 | 0.008 ± 0.006 | 0.011 ± 0.007 | 0.015 ± 0.014 | 0.025 ± 0.027 | 0.032 ± 0.033 | < 0.001 |
| hsCRP, mg/L* | 0.4 (0.0–68.0) | 0.6 (0.0–32.0) | 0.6 (0.0–60.2) | 0.6 (0.0–54.5) | 0.8 (0.1–67.0) | 0.7 (0.1–26.1) | 0.001 |
| Intact PTH, pg/mL* | 37.3 (9.7–95.6) | 38.4 (7.0–140.3) | 44.6 (8.4–225.0) | 53.5 (14.0–184.7) | 87.8 (14.1–590.9) | 175.1 (37.6–1,078.0) | < 0.001 |
| ARB | 186 (70.2) | 344 (82.1) | 330 (81.9) | 398 (82.2) | 411 (78.7) | 116 (80.0) | 0.120 |
| ACEi | 33 (12.5) | 51 (12.2) | 53 (13.2) | 49 (10.1) | 49 (9.4) | 14 (9.7) | 0.060 |
| CCB | 56 (21.1) | 133 (31.7) | 150 (37.2) | 212 (43.8) | 268 (51.3) | 87 (60.0) | < 0.001 |
| Statin | 92 (34.7) | 193 (46.1) | 224 (55.6) | 285 (58.9) | 277 (53.1) | 81 (55.9) | < 0.001 |
Data are expressed as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
CVD = cardiovascular disease, CKD = chronic kidney disease, BMI = body mass index, DM = diabetes mellitus, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, GN = glomerulonephritis, DN = diabetic nephropathy, HTN = hypertensive nephropathy, PKD = polycystic kidney disease, MI = myocardial infarction, PAD = peripheral arterial disease, ACR = albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, hsCRP = high-sensitive C-reactive protein, PTH = parathyroid hormone, ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker, ACEi = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, CCB = calcium channel blocker.
*Data are expressed as median and ranges (minimum to maximum).