Table 1. Characteristics of 1,834 adults with predialysis CKD based on eGFR stage.
| Characteristics | All (n = 1,834) | eGFR stage, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 1 (³ 90) (n = 231) |
Stage 2 (60–89) (n = 339) |
Stage 3a (45–59) (n = 327) |
Stage 3b (30–44) (n = 405) |
Stage 4 (15–29) (n = 418) |
Stage 5 (< 15) (n = 114) |
P value | ||
| Age, yr | 53.9 ± 12.2 | 43.7 ± 11.9 | 50.9 ± 11.6 | 54.8 ± 11.7 | 57.2 ± 10.7 | 57.3 ± 11.0 | 55.9 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 60.4 | 46.8 | 65.8 | 67.6 | 62.5 | 60.5 | 43.0 | 0.872 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 51 ± 30 | 110 ± 20 | 73 ± 9 | 52 ± 4 | 37 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | 12 ± 2 | < 0.001 |
| 24-hr UP, g/day | 1,340 ± 2,137 | 615 ± 1,103 | 723 ± 1,399 | 1,089 ± 1,829 | 1,307 ± 1,897 | 2,092 ± 2,682 | 2,734 ± 3,199 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 34.5 | 15.7 | 21.4 | 30.9 | 40.7 | 48.1 | 50.0 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 96.1 | 85.7 | 95.3 | 98.2 | 98.0 | 98.6 | 97.4 | < 0.001 |
| CVD | 11.1 | 3.9 | 7.1 | 11.6 | 13.8 | 16.0 | 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| Total CO2, meq/L | 25.7 ± 3.6 | 27.8 ± 2.9 | 27.7 ± 3.0 | 26.9 ± 3.0 | 25.3 ± 3.1 | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 21.7 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 |
| Active smoker | 15.5 | 16.0 | 17.1 | 18.0 | 12.8 | 15.6 | 11.4 | 0.163 |
| Alcohol consumption ³ 2 times/wk | 13.0 | 16.9 | 17.4 | 13.8 | 12.1 | 10.3 | 2.6 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | 38.4 | 40.8 | 48.0 | 49.2 | 40.2 | 35.5 | 38.4 | 0.015 |
| Weight loss > 3 kg/yr | 16.7 | 12.6 | 14.2 | 15.6 | 14.6 | 22.2 | 23.7 | < 0.001 |
| WBC, cell/mL | 6,579 ± 1,905 | 6,248 ± 1,730 | 6,377 ± 1,854 | 6,520 ± 1,889 | 6,635 ± 1,889 | 6,972 ± 1,994 | 6,372 ± 1,952 | 0.031 |
| Neutrophil | 58.2 ± 9.0 | 55.1 ± 9.6 | 57.0 ± 8.6 | 56.7 ± 8.6 | 58.9 ± 8.7 | 60.4 ± 8.6 | 62.2 ± 9.6 | < 0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 2.00 ± 5.23 | 1.36 ± 4.80 | 1.59 ± 3.44 | 1.98 ± 5.57 | 1.87 ± 3.99 | 2.92 ± 7.33 | 1.71 ± 3.47 | 0.081 |
| hs-CRP > 3 mg/L | 13.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 15.8 | 18.7 | 13.2 | < 0.001 |
| PEW parameters | ||||||||
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.18 ± 0.42 | 4.13 ± 0.40 | 4.31 ± 0.34 | 4.20 ± 0.40 | 4.19 ± 0.37 | 4.02 ± 0.46 | 3.97 ± 0.44 | < 0.001 |
| Serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL | 16.0 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 27.3 | 31.6 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.58 ± 3.39 | 24.04 ± 3.75 | 24.76 ± 3.39 | 24.73 ± 3.28 | 24.74 ± 3.17 | 24.50 ± 3.40 | 24.38 ± 3.51 | 0.355 |
| BMI < 23.0 kg/m2 | 33.2 | 42.4 | 32.2 | 29.7 | 28.6 | 34.9 | 37.7 | 0.321 |
| UCE, g/day | 1,179 ± 416 | 1,202 ± 401 | 1,308 ± 453 | 1,243 ± 425 | 1,163 ± 402 | 1,088 ± 368 | 948 ± 341 | < 0.001 |
| Low quartile of UCE (sex-specific) | 25.0 | 13.9 | 19.2 | 24.4 | 25.4 | 34.4 | 43.0 | < 0.001 |
| DPI, g/kg/day | 0.80 ± 0.35 | 0.87 ± 0.28 | 0.86 ± 0.33 | 0.83 ± 0.36 | 0.81 ± 0.39 | 0.74 ± 0.36 | 0.65 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 |
| DPI < 0.6 g/kg/day | 26.5 | 16.5 | 20.4 | 25.7 | 23.7 | 34.2 | 49.1 | < 0.001 |
| PEW | 9.0 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 15.6 | 24.6 | < 0.001 |
Date are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or percentage (%).
CKD = chronic kidney disease, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, 24-hr UP = 24-hour urine protein, CVD = cardiovascular disease, WBC = white blood cell, hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein, PEW = protein-energy wasting, BMI = body mass index, UCE = urine creatinine excretion, DPI = dietary protein intake.