Table 1. Participant characteristics.
| Characteristics (n = 20) | Baseline (0 week) | After 12 weeks | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 37.1 ± 9.7 | 37.1 ± 9.7 | - |
| Height, cm | 159.2 ± 1.2 | 159.2 ± 1.2 | - |
| Diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | - |
| Thyroid disease, No. (%) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | - |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
| Dyslipidemia, No. (%) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | - |
| Weight, cm | 71.0 ± 1.9 (69.3) | 69.4 ± 1.8 (67.6) | 0.004 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 0.5 (27.5) | 27.3 ± 0.5 (27.1) | 0.004 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 91.2 ± 1.4 (89.6) | 90.2 ± 1.3 (89.3) | 0.295 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 100.9 ± 1.0 (100.7) | 99.5 ± 0.9 (99.8) | 0.002 |
| Body fat percentage, % | 38.7 ± 0.7 (39.1) | 37.9 ± 0.7 (38.7) | 0.080 |
| SBP, mmHg | 119.2 ± 13.3 | 116.3 ± 9.1 | 0.197 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.3 ± 9.5 | 73.9 ± 7.0 | 0.459 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 2.7 ± 3.6 (1.6) | 2.3 ± 2.5 (1.6) | 0.477 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 14.2 ± 18.6 (10.3) | 9.8 ± 6.1 (7.7) | 0.507 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 0.548 |
| HOMA-IR, microIU/mL | 3.2 ± 4.3 (2.2) | 2.3 ± 1.8 (1.6) | 0.926 |
| Musculoskeletal mass, % | 23.8 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 2.6 | 0.062 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM or median ± SEM (IQR), depending on assessment for Gaussian distribution.
BMI = body mass index, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, hsCRP = high-sensitive C-reactive protein, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, SEM = standard error of the mean, IQR = interquartile range.