Table 1. Positive and negative clinical findings and characteristics of venous malformations (17-20).

Clinical signs	Clinical findings
Positive	Bluish/purple superficial appearance
	Occasionally palpable phleboliths and spontaneous thrombi
	Soft and compressible mass
	Swelling
	Pain
	Well-defined or diffuse and infiltrative
	Can involve superficial or deep structures
	May enlarge during Valsalva maneuver, puberty or pregnancy
Negative	Hyperemia
	Pulsatility
	Palpable Local Thrill
Characteristics	Occur in childhood or early adulthood
	Can occur anywhere in the body, but are predominantly located in the head and neck (40% of cases), trunk (20%) and extremities (40%)
	Lesions are categorized as: (I) microcystic small diameter locules; (II) macrocystic (large, more translucent subcutaneous masses in the neck, pelvis or axilla); (III) mixed
	VMs are post-capillary, by definition, and represent enlarged and engorged structures. These may demonstrate abnormal and sparse smooth muscle cells within the thin vessel wall, absent or insufficient valves, chaotic vascular branching, and are non-functional hemodynamically

VM, venous malformation.