Table 2.
Significantly altered metabolites in cirrhosis patients vs healthy volunteers
| Ref. | Platform | Tissue (organism) | Significantly altered metabolites in cirrhosis patients vs healthy volunteers | Main pathways distinguishing cirrhosis from healthy volunteers |
| Gao et al[33] | 1H NMR | Serum (human) | Isoleucine ↓ | Amino acid metabolism |
| Leucine ↓ | ||||
| Valine ↓ | ||||
| Glutamine ↑ | ||||
| Tyrosine ↑ | ||||
| Phenylalanine ↑ | ||||
| 1-methylhistidine ↑ | ||||
| N-acetylglycoproteins ↑ | ||||
| Acetate ↑ | N-acetylglycoprotein | |||
| Acetoacetate ↓ | Ketonogenesis | |||
| Pyruvate ↑ | ||||
| α-ketoglutarate ↑ | Glycolysis | |||
| Choline ↓ | TCA cycle | |||
| Taurine ↑ | ||||
| Glycerol ↑ | Bile acid metabolism | |||
| Li et al[42] | UPLC/QTOF-MS | Serum (mouse) | Leucine ↓ | Amino acid metabolism |
| Phenylpyruvic acid ↓ | ||||
| Phenylalanine ↓ | ||||
| Tryptophan ↓ | ||||
| LPE (16:0) ↓ | LPE metabolism | |||
| LPE (18:0) ↓ | ||||
| LPC (16:0) ↓ | LPC metabolism | |||
| LPC (20:1) ↓ | ||||
| LPC (22:6) ↑ | ||||
| PC (16:0/18:3) ↑ | Phosphatidylcholine metabolism | |||
| PC (12:1/24:3) ↑ | ||||
| PC (16:0/20:4) ↑ | ||||
| PC (16:0/22:6) ↑ | ||||
| PC (18:0/20:4) ↑ | Sphingomyelin metabolism | |||
| SM (d18:0/16:1) ↓ | ||||
| Soga et al[35] | Capillary elecrtophore-sis/TOF-MS | Serum (human) | γ-glutamylalanine ↑ | Glutathione metabolism |
| γ-glutamylvaline ↑ | ||||
| γ-glutamylglutamine ↑ | ||||
| γ-glutamylphenyl- | ||||
| γ-glutamylcitrulline ↑ | ||||
| Alanine ↑ | Amino acid metabolism | |||
| Methionine sulfoxide ↑ | ||||
| Wang et al[38] | UPLC/MS-MS; LC/QTOF-MS | Serum (human) | LPC-16:0 ↓ | LPC metabolism |
| LPC-18:0 ↓ | ||||
| 16:0/18:1-PC ↓ | ||||
| 16:0/18:2-PC ↓ | ||||
| 16:0/20:4-PC ↓ | ||||
| 16:0/22:6-PC ↓ | ||||
| 18:0/18:2-PC ↓ | ||||
| Oleamide ↑ | Fatty acid metabolism | |||
| Phenylalanine ↑ | ||||
| GCDCA ↑ | Bile acid metabolism | |||
| Canavaninosuccinate ↓ | Arginosuccinate synthetase pathway | |||
| Zhou et al[39] | UPLC/QTOF-MS | Serum (human) | Phenylalanine ↑ | Amino acid metabolism |
| GCA ↑ | Bile acid metabolism | |||
| GDCA ↑ | ||||
| Bilirubin ↑ | Hemoglobin metabolism | |||
| LPE (18:2) ↓ | Lysolipid metabolism | |||
| LPC (22:6) ↓ | ||||
| LPC (18:2) ↓ | ||||
| LPC (20:4) ↓ | ||||
| LPC (16:0) ↓ | ||||
| LPC (18:0) ↓ | ||||
| C18:1-CN ↑ | CPT shuttle system | |||
| Chen et al[30] | UPLC/QTOF-MS | Serum (human); | Inositol ↓ | TCA cycle |
| Urine (human) | 2,2-bipyridine ↓ | |||
| Methionine ↓ | Amino acid metabolism | |||
| Tyrosine ↓ | ||||
| Arginine ↓ | Fatty acid metabolism | |||
| Stearic acid ↓ | ||||
| Palmitic acid ↓ | ||||
| Citric acid ↓ | ||||
| 2-piperidine carboxylic acid ↓ | ||||
| 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan ↓ | ||||
| Cao et al[32] | UPLC/MS | Fecal (human) | Chenodeoxycholic | Bile acid metabolism |
| Acid dimeride ↓ | ||||
| Urobilin ↓ | Hemoglobin metabolism | |||
| Urobilinogen ↓ | ||||
| 7-ketolithocholic acid ↓ | Microbiome metabolism | |||
| LPC C18:0 ↑ | LPC metabolism | |||
| LPC C16:0 ↑ | ||||
| Yin et al[41] | RPLC/MS | Serum (human) | Hypoxanthine ↓ | Purine synthesis |
| Inosine ↓ | ||||
| Bilirubin ↑ | Hemoglobin metabolism | |||
| GCA ↑ | Bile acid metabolism | |||
| GCDCA ↑ | ||||
| Taurine ↓ | ||||
| LPC C18:2 ↓ | LPC metabolism | |||
| LPC C18:3 ↓ | ||||
| LPC C16:1 ↓ | ||||
| LPC C18:0 ↓ | ||||
| LPC C16:1 ↓ | ||||
| L-acetylcarnitine ↑ | CPT shuttle system | |||
| 6-Methylnicotinic acid ↓ | Nicotine metabolism | |||
| Fitian et al[45] | Integrated UPLC/MS-MS and GC/MS | Serum (human) | Glycocholate (GCA) ↑ | Bile acid metabolism |
| Tauroursodeoxycholate ↑ | ||||
| Glychochemodeoxycholate ↑ | ||||
| Azelate (nonanedioate) ↑ | Dicarboxylic acid metabolism | |||
| Undecanedioate ↑ | ||||
| Sebacate (decanedioate) ↑ | ||||
| Hexadecanedioate↑ | ||||
| Tetradecanedioate↑ | ||||
| DSGEGDFXAEGGGVR ↑ | Fibrinogen cleavage peptide | |||
| ADSGEGDFXAEGGGVR ↑ | ||||
| Bilirubin (Z,Z) ↑ | Hemoglobin catabolism metabolite | |||
| Biliverdin ↑ | ||||
| 1,2-propanediol ↑ | Ketogenesis | |||
| Succinylcarnitine ↑ | CPT shuttle system | |||
| Acetylcarnitine ↑ | ||||
| Glutarylcarnitine ↑ | ||||
| Gao et al[46] | GC-TOF/MS | Serum (human) | Palmitic acid ↑ | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Stearic acid ↑ | ||||
| Oleic acid ↑ | ||||
| Arachidic acid ↑ | Arachidonic acid metabolism | |||
| Aminomalonic acid ↑ | Dicarboxylic acid metabolism | |||
| Phenylalanine ↑ | Amino acid metabolism | |||
| Cysteine ↑ | ||||
| Leucine ↑ | ||||
| Citric acid ↑ | ||||
| Oxoproline ↑ |
EtOH: Alcohol; TOCSY: Total correlation spectroscopy; HH: Hereditary hemochromatosis; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid; UPLC: Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography; QTOF: Quadrupole time of flight; SELDI: Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization; HRMAS: High-resolution magic angle spinning; LPE: Lysophosphatidyethanolamine; LPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; MS: Mass spectrometry; TOF: Time-of-flight; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; LC: Liquid chromatography; GC: Gas chromatography; CPT: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid.