Table 2.

Cross-sectional study. Serum metabolome analysis. All concentrations are μM (micromole/L). Data are expressed as means and standard deviations unless otherwise indicated. p-values were assessed by ANOVA with Tukey's HSD-post hoc test and adjusted for multiple comparison. Abbreviations: MetS – Metabolic Syndrome; MetS−Fe – Metabolic Syndrome without iron overload; MetS+Fe – Metabolic Syndrome with iron overload; Met_So – Methioninsulfoxide; PC – phosphatidylcholines, PC_E – plasmalogens.

	Control	MetS−Fe	MetS+Fe	Adjusted p-value	1 vs 2	1 vs 3	2 vs 3
Sarcosine	5.71 ± 1.72	9.06 ± 4.55	18.74 ± 16.3	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Citrulline	36.03 ± 7.14	33.55 ± 7.05	29.39 ± 7.51	<0.001	0.125	<0.001	0.001
Glutamate	60.04 ± 31.59	83.61 ± 30.39	96.25 ± 34.43	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.066
Met_So	1.07 ± 0.57	1.20 ± 0.97	1.84 ± 1.77	0.014	0.656	0.002	0.007
Alanine	342.31 ± 68.75	413.49 ± 80.24	442.54 ± 84.74	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.062
Glycine	273.54 ± 63.70	240.35 ± 49.36	225.77 ± 45.91	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.101
Kynurenine	2.57 ± 0.56	3.35 ± 0.75	3.60 ± 0.97	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.183
Leucine	141.24 ± 31.32	167.87 ± 28.86	168.53 ± 41.52	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.776
Valine	190.27 ± 27.09	216.87 ± 30.82	217.29 ± 34.12	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.995
PC_38_3	42.50 ± 8.71	54.37 ± 12.70	57.97 ± 19.25	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.335
PC_38_4	96.08 ± 20.39	117.13 ± 27.84	132.49 ± 42.22	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.052
PC_40_2	0.35 ± 0.29	0.389 ± 0.40	0.71 ± 0.80	0.045	0.956	0.013	0.010
PC_40_3	0.72 ± 0.31	0.81 ± 0.46	1.02 ± 0.61	0.015	0.325	0.001	0.020
PC_40_4	3.50 ± 0.77	4.30 ± 1.20	5.41 ± 2.88	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	0.003
PC_42_5	0.40 ± 0.11	0.41 ± 0.14	0.53 ± 0.21	0.001	0.681	<0.001	<0.001
PC_E30_0	0.53 ± 0.14	0.46 ± 0.15	0.42 ± 0.10	0.001	0.002	<0.001	0.381
PC_E42_1	0.46 ± 0.20	0.50 ± 0.26	0.74 ± 0.52	0.001	0.419	<0.001	0.002