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. 2016 Nov 4;6(1):61–72. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.008

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Intestinal GLUT2 invalidation improves mouse metabolism. (A) Oral glucose tolerance test (4 g glucose/kg) was performed in control (white circles, n = 16) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black circles, n = 13) after 16 h of fasting, 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Values are means ± SEM; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; control vs GLUT2ΔIEC mice (two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). (B) Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (4 g glucose/kg) was performed in control (white circles, n = 6) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black circles, n = 10) after 16 h of fasting, 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Values are means ± SEM. (C) Insulin tolerance test (1 U insulin/kg) was performed in control (white circles, n = 9) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black circles, n = 8) after 6 h of fasting, 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Values are means ± SEM. (D) Body weight gain follow-up 14 weeks after tamoxifen administration in control mice (white circles, n = 5) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black circles, n = 6). Values are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05; control vs GLUT2ΔIEC mice (Two-way ANOVA). (E, F) Daily calorie intake (B) and daily water consumption (C) measured in metabolic cages in control (white bars, n = 5) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black bars, n = 6), 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Values are means ± SEM. ns: non-significant. (G) Loss of fecal calories was determined by bomb calorimetry analyses in 24 h feces collected from control (white bar, n = 10) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black bar, n = 11), 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Values are means ± SEM. ns: non-significant. (H) Plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate were measured in fed control (white bars, n = 11) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black bars, n = 15), 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Values are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05; control vs GLUT2ΔIEC mice (Mann–Whitney U test). (I) Representative images of brush border electron microscopy from the jejunum of control (left panel) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (right panel), 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. Scale bar = 1 μm. (J) Measurement of microvillus length from electron microscopy microphotographs of control (white bar) and GLUT2ΔIEC mice (black bar), 4 weeks after tamoxifen administration. 230–250 microvilli were measured for each genotype. Values are means ± SEM. ***P < 0.001; Control vs GLUT2ΔIEC mice (Mann–Whitney U test).