Figure 6. Comparison of a typical “inverted” pulse to the jugular venous pulse waveform in the Wiggers diagram (adapted from ref. 24).

The inverted pulse was consistent with the JVP waveform. The JVP waveform is biphasic whose waveform inflections are governed by differential cardiac pressures (see text). The variability between individual pulses is likely due to the effect of respiration on the intrathoracic pressure.