Table 1. Neuropsychological performance.
| Cognitive Measure | Group | N | Mean | SD | Cut-off | No. of impaired patients | U | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | ||||||||
| VLMT Learning (∑1-5) | HC | 38 | 50.71 | 8.4 | 33.91 | 4 (7.3%) | 935.0 | 0.390 |
| ALS | 55 | 48.78 | 10.7 | |||||
| VLMT Immediate Recall (6) | HC | 38 | 10.68 | 2.8 | 5.08 | 6 (10.9%) | 918.5 | 0.320 |
| ALS | 55 | 9.91 | 3.4 | |||||
| VLMT Delayed Recall (7) | HC | 38 | 10.55 | 3.0 | 4.55 | 4 (7.3%) | 926.0 | 0.349 |
| ALS | 55 | 9.85 | 3.4 | |||||
| VLMT Recognition (corrected for errors) | HC | 38 | 12.50 | 2.8 | 6.90 | 9 (16.4%) | 767.0 | 0.028 |
| ALS | 55 | 10.62 | 4.5 | |||||
| WMS-R Digit span forward | HC | 38 | 7.45 | 1.6 | 4.25 | 2 (3.3%) | 1090.0 | 0.710 |
| ALS | 60 | 7.35 | 1.8 | |||||
| Executive function | ||||||||
| RWT Letter fluency index | HC | 37 | 3.91 | 1.4 | 6.71 | 8 (15.1%) | 757.5 | 0.067 |
| ALS | 53 | 4.82 | 2.3 | |||||
| RWT Letter flexibility index | HC | 37 | 4.34 | 1.5 | 7.34 | 10 (19.6%) | 706.0 | 0.045 |
| ALS | 51 | 5.96 | 4.4 | |||||
| RWT Semantic fluency index | HC | 37 | 2.03 | 0.7 | 3.43 | 3 (5.9%) | 789.0 | 0.192 |
| ALS | 51 | 2.32 | 1.0 | |||||
| RWT Semantic flexibility index | HC | 37 | 3.35 | 0.9 | 5.15 | 5 (9.8%) | 759.0 | 0.119 |
| ALS | 51 | 3.87 | 1.7 | |||||
| Stroop ratio | HC | 37 | 1.06 | 0.2 | 1.46 | 3 (6.1%) | 577.0 | 0.004 |
| ALS | 49 | 1.20 | 0.3 | |||||
| Stroop errors | HC | 37 | 0.54 | 1.0 | 2.54 | 11 (22.5%) | 687.5 | 0.030 |
| ALS | 49 | 2.10 | 4.2 | |||||
| TMT Cognitive flexibility | HC | 38 | 2.26 | 0.8 | 3.86 | 6 (11.8%) | 629.5 | 0.022 |
| ALS | 51 | 2.72 | 1.2 | |||||
| WMS-R Digit span backward | HC | 38 | 6.32 | 1.6 | 3.12 | 3 (5.0%) | 893.5 | 0.065 |
| ALS | 60 | 5.70 | 1.6 | |||||
| Language | ||||||||
| Semantic Categorization | ||||||||
| BOSU Main features | HC | 38 | 9.87 | 0.4 | 9.07 | 6 (9.8%) | 1148.0 | 0.880 |
| ALS | 61 | 9.90 | 0.3 | |||||
| BOSU Sub features | HC | 38 | 9.16 | 1.0 | 7.16 | 4 (6.6%) | 1124.0 | 0.787 |
| ALS | 61 | 9.13 | 0.9 | |||||
| Visuospatial skills | ||||||||
| RCFT (copy) | HC | 27 | 32.80 | 2.5 | 27.80 | 4 (11.1%) | 380.5 | 0.139 |
| ALS | 36 | 31.47 | 3.5 | |||||
| Behaviour | ||||||||
| FrSBe Apathy | HC | 22 | 22.36 | 5.1 | 32.56 | 15 (36.6%) | 260.0 | 0.006 |
| ALS | 41 | 29.0 | 9.5 | |||||
| FrSBe Disinhibition | HC | 22 | 22.36 | 5.4 | 33.16 | 3 (7.3%) | 336.0 | 0.097 |
| ALS | 41 | 24.8 | 5.8 | |||||
| FrSBe Executive Dysfunction | HC | 22 | 30.0 | 10.6 | 51.20 | 1 (2.4%) | 356.5 | 0.173 |
| ALS | 41 | 32.4 | 8.9 | |||||
VLMT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; WMS-R: Wechsler Memory Scale revised; RWT: Regensburger Verbal Fluency Test; TMT: Trail Making Test; BOSU: Bogenhausen Semantic Test; RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test; FrSBe: Frontal System Behavioral Scale.