Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, blood, and urine biochemistry of study groups: C, CD, and UD.
| C n = 10 |
CD n = 24 |
UD n = 36 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
52 (7) | 62 (15)† | 61 (12)† | 0.0683 |
| Gender (male/female) |
6/4 | 17/7 | 23/13 | — |
| Serum glucose | 5.2 | 6.8†∗ | 9†∗ | <0.0001 |
| (mmol/L) | (5.0–5.5) | (5.9–7.9) | (7.4–12) | |
| Urine albumin | 6 | 6∗ | 37†∗ | <0.0001 |
| (mg/L) | (4–13) | (2–22) | (12–267) | |
| Urine creatinine | 15 | 5† | 7† | 0.0054 |
| (mmol/L) | (9–17) | (4–9) | (5–11) | |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) |
72 (60–85) |
77 (67–98) |
79 (62–108) |
0.4696 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
87 (76–101) |
77 (59–95) |
79 (59–97) |
0.5114 |
| EVs density | 5.2E10 | 8.4E10 | 5.2E10 | 0.5013 |
| (number/mL) | (2.7E10–1.9E11) | (3.9E10–1.7E11) | (2.6E10–1.5E11) | |
| EVs mode diameter | 106 | 115†∗ | 109∗ | 0.0212 |
| (nm) | (104–110) | (107–118) | (106–112) | |
| EVs mean diameter (nm) |
123 (4) | 134 (11)† | 129 (8) | 0.0065 |
†Significant in comparison with the control group at p < 0.05.
∗Significant difference between subgroups CD and UD at p < 0.05.
Bold means statistically significant difference between the three groups at p < 0.05.