Table 2.
Clinical characteristics, blood, and urine biochemistry of study groups: C, RF, and NRF.
| C n = 10 |
RF N = 15 |
NRF N = 45 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
52 (7) | 69 (11)†∗ | 60 (3)†∗ | 0.0027 |
| Gender (male/female) |
6/4 | 15/3 | 25/17 | — |
| Serum glucose | 5.2 | 8.7† | 7.9† | <0.0001 |
| (mmol/L) | (5.0–5.5) | (6.5–11) | (6.5–10) | |
| Urine albumin | 6† | 51† | 14 | 0.0923 |
| (mg/L) | (4–13) | (7–359) | (4–58) | |
| Urine creatinine | 15 | 6† | 8† | 0.0046 |
| (mmol/L) | (9–17) | (5–8) | (4–11) | |
| Serum creatinine | 72 | 119†∗ | 73∗ | <0.0001 |
| (µmol/L) | (60–85) | (111–123) | (60–84) | |
| GFR | 87 | 49†∗ | 89∗ | <0.0001 |
| (mL/min/1.73 m2) | (76–101) | (39–55) | (73–105) | |
| EVs density | 5.2E10 | 2.6E10∗ | 8.7E10∗ | 0.0361 |
| (number/mL) | (2.7E10–1.9E11) | (2.0E10–8.2E10) | (4.0E10–1.9E11) | |
| EVs mode diameter (nm) |
106 (104–110) |
111 (105–115) |
109 (107–115) |
0.1965 |
| EVs mean diameter | 122 | 129 | 129† | 0.0101 |
| (nm) | (120–126) | (123–138) | (126–136) |
†Significant in comparison with the control group at p < 0.05.
∗Significant difference between subgroups RF and NRF at p < 0.05.
Bold means statistically significant difference between the three groups at p < 0.05.