Table 4.
Binary logistic results on relationship between decision-making autonomy and place of delivery in Ghana.
| Variable | Model I | 95% CI | Model II | 95% CI | Model III | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final say on own healthcare | ||||||
| Respondent and others | 1∗∗ | (1,1) | 1∗∗∗ | (1,1) | 1 | (1,1) |
| Respondent Alone | 1.27 | (1.09–1.48) | 1.49 | (1.26–1.77) | 1.20 | (0.98–1.48) |
| Final say on household large purchases | ||||||
| Respondent and others | 1∗∗∗ | (1,1) | 1 | (1,1) | ||
| Respondent Alone | 0.71 | (0.59–0.84) | 0.88 | (0.71–1.09) | ||
| Final say on visits | ||||||
| Respondent and others | 1 | (1,1) | 1 | (1,1) | ||
| Respondent Alone | 0.86 | (0.73–1.01) | 0.92 | (0.74–1.13) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| 20–24 | 0.77 | (0.45–1.31) | ||||
| 25–29 | 0.71 | (0.42–1.29) | ||||
| 30–34 | 0.69 | (0.41–1.18) | ||||
| 35–39 | 0.83 | (0.49–1.41) | ||||
| 40–44 | 0.83 | (0.47–1.44) | ||||
| 45–49 | 0.87 | (0.46–1.62) | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Primary | 1.33∗∗ | (1.08–1.64) | ||||
| Secondary | 2.27∗∗∗ | (1.84–2.80) | ||||
| Higher/Tertiary | 19.39∗∗ | (2.67–140.94) | ||||
| Religious affiliation | ||||||
| No religion | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Christianity | 1.99∗∗∗ | (1.43–2.78) | ||||
| Islam | 2.15∗∗∗ | (1.49–3.09) | ||||
| Traditionalist | 0.57∗ | (0.35–0.91) | ||||
| Wealth Status | ||||||
| Poorest | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Poorer | 1.25∗ | (1.01–1.55) | ||||
| Middle | 1.68∗∗∗ | (1.26–2.23) | ||||
| Richer | 4.08∗∗∗ | (2.69–6.18) | ||||
| Richest | 5.95∗∗∗ | (3.19–11.10) | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Not working | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Primary | 1.09 | (0.87–1.38) | ||||
| Secondary | 1.16 | (0.88–1.54) | ||||
| Tertiary | 1.37 | (1.08–1.75) | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Not married | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Married | 1.11 | (0.93–1.34) | ||||
| Residential status | ||||||
| Rural | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Urban | 2.23∗∗∗ | (1.78–2.78) | ||||
| NHIS subscription | ||||||
| Not subscribed | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Subscribed | 1.64∗∗∗ | (1.39–1.92) | ||||
| Region of residence | ||||||
| Western | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Central | 0.91 | (0.65–1.27) | ||||
| Greater Accra | 1.37 | (0.83–2.27) | ||||
| Volta | 0.85 | (0.61–1.19) | ||||
| Eastern | 0.83 | (0.59–1.15) | ||||
| Ashanti | 1.51 | (1.03–2.20) | ||||
| Brong Ahafo | 1.72 | (1.24–2.40) | ||||
| Northern | 0.57 | (0.41–0.80) | ||||
| Upper east | 5.01 | (3.34–7.51) | ||||
| Upper west | 1.61 | (1.13–2.30) | ||||
| Partner's occupation | ||||||
| Primary | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Secondary | 1.15∗∗ | (0.93–1.44) | ||||
| Tertiary | 1.45 | (1.09–1.92) | ||||
| Frequency of watching TV | ||||||
| Not at all | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Less than once a week | 0.86 | (0.70–1.07) | ||||
| At least once a week | 1.07 | (0.87–1.32) | ||||
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||||
| Not at all | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Less than once a week | 1.12 | (0.91–1.37) | ||||
| At least once a week | 1.52 | (1.24–1.88) | ||||
| Frequency of listening reading newspaper | ||||||
| Not at all | 1 | (1,1) | ||||
| Less than once a week | 1.37 | (0.81–2.31) | ||||
| At least once a week | 1.02 | (0.56–1.88) |
Source: computed from 2014 GDHS dataset. M = Model; OR = odds ratio; p value in parenthesis; confidence interval in square brackets; ref = reference; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.