Table 1.

Individual Therapy and Pediatric Psychology Intervention Using Videoconferencing

Study	Population	Sample description & sample size	Study design	Findings
Individual therapy using videoconferencing
Comer et al. (2014)	Early OCD	n = 5 youth Age: 4–8 years	VC Pre-Post	Child OCD symptoms and diagnoses declined; child global functioning improved.
Fox et al. (2008)	Juvenile offenders	n = 190 youth Age: 12–19 years	VC Pre-Post	Youth increased goal achievement in areas of health, family, and social skills.
Heitzman Powell et. al. (2014)	Autism	n = 7 parents Youth age not reported	VC Pre-Post	Parents increased their knowledge and self-reported implementation of behavioral strategies.
Himle et al. (2012)	Tic disorders	n = 18 youth Age: 8–17 years	RCT, VC vs. F2F	Across groups, there were significant improvements in tic behaviors and strong ratings for acceptability and therapist/client alliance, and no differences between treatment groups.
Tse et al. (2015)	ADHD	n = 37 youth M (Teletherapy) = 9.15 years M (F2F) = 9.39 years	Substudy of larger clinical trial, VC vs. F2F	Families in the two caregiver training conditions showed comparable attendance at sessions and satisfaction with their care. Caregivers in both conditions reported comparable outcomes for their children's ADHD-related behaviors and functioning, but caregivers in the teletherapy group did not report improvement in their own distress.
Nelson et al. (2006)	Depression	n = 28 youth M = 10.3 years	RCT, VC vs. F2F	Treatment yielded significant improvement for depression in both conditions, with no between-group differences.
Nelson et al. (2012)	ADHD	n = 22 youth M = 9.3 years	VC Feasibility	No factor inherent to the VC delivery mechanism impeded adherence to national ADHD guidelines.
Reese et al. (2012)	ADHD	n = 8 youth M = 7.6 years	VC Pre-Post	Using Group Triple P Positive Parenting Program over VC, families reported improved child behavior and decreased parent distress.
Storch et al. (2011)	OCD	n = 31 youth Age: 7–16 years M = 11.1 years	Waitlist control, VC vs. F2F	VC was superior to F2F on all primary outcome measures, with a significantly higher percent of individuals in the VC group than in the F2F group meeting remission criteria.
Xie et al. (2013)	ADHD	n = 22 parents Child M = 10.4 years	RCT, VC vs. F2F	Parent training via VC showed same degree of improvement in disciplinary practices, ADHD symptoms, and overall functioning as F2F.

Pediatric psychology intervention using videoconferencing
Bensink et al. (2008)	Pediatric cancer	n = 8 youth not reported	VC Feasibility	Using VC over videophone to families with a child diagnosed with cancer, the study noted technical feasibility and high parental satisfaction.
Clawson et al. (2008)	Pediatric feeding disorders	n = 15 youth Age: 8 months to 10 years old	VC Feasibility	VC was feasible with the pediatric feeding disorder population and resulted in cost savings.
Davis et al. (2013)	Pediatric obesity	n = 58 youth Age: 5–11 years M = 8.6 years	RCT, VC vs. F2F physician visits	Both groups showed improvements in BMI z score, nutrition, and physical activity, and the groups did not differ significantly on primary outcomes.
Freeman et al. (2013)	Diabetes adherence	n = 71 youth VC M = 15.2 years F2F M = 14.9 years	RCT, VC vs. F2F	No differences were found in therapeutic alliance between the groups.
Glueckauf et al. (2002)	Pediatric epilepsy	n = 22 (Youth) M = 15.4 yrs	RCT, VC, F2F, and telephone	All groups improved in psychosocial problem severity and frequency and child prosocial behavior, with no significant differences across groups. No differences in adherence between the groups were noted.
Hommel et al. (2013)	IBD, adherence	n = 9 youth M = 13.7 years	VC Pre-Post	The VC approach resulted in improved adherence and cost savings across patients.
Lipana et al. (2013)	Pediatric obesity	n = 243 youth M = 11 years	Pre-Post, VC and F2F	Using a nonrandomized design, the VC group demonstrated more improvement than the F2F group in enhancing nutrition, increasing activity, and decreasing screen time.
Morgan et al. (2008)	Congenital heart disease	n = 27 parents Child age: 0–25 months	RCT, VC and telephone	The VC approach decreased parent anxiety significantly more than the phone, and resulted in significantly greater clinical information.
Mulgrew et al. (2011)	Pediatric obesity	n = 25 youth Age: 4–11 years	VC Feasibility	No significant difference in parent satisfaction between consultations for weight management delivered by VC or F2F.
Shaikh et al. (2008)	Pediatric obesity	n = 99 youth Age: 1–17 years	VC Pre-Post	VC consultations resulted in substantial changes/additions to diagnoses. For a subset of patients, repeated VC consultations led to improved health behaviors, weight maintenance, and/or weight loss.
Wilkinson et al. (2008)	Cystic fibrosis	n = 16 youth Not reported	RCT, Videophone vs. F2F	No significant differences in quality of life, anxiety levels, depression levels, admissions to hospital or clinic attendances, general practitioner calls or intravenous antibiotic use between the two groups.
Witmans et al. (2008)	Sleep disorders	n = 89 Age: 1–18 years	VC Feasibility	Patients were very satisfied with the delivery of multidisciplinary pediatric sleep medicine services over VC.

OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; VC, videoconferencing; F2F, face to face; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; RCT, randomized controlled trial; M, mean; BMI, body mass index.