Table 3.
Clinical and Imaging Characteristics for Patients at All Centers
| Total (n = 645) | Primary Children's Hospital (n = 234) | Monroe Carrell Children's Hospital (n = 312) | St. Louis Children's Hospital (n = 53) | Texas Children's Hospital (n = 46) | Differences between training and validation cohort (p value)* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) ± SD | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 8.3 ± 4.9 | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 12.3 ± 5.2 | 6.1 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 409 (63.4) | 149 (63.7) | 191 (61.2) | 40 (75.5) | 29 (63.0) | 0.14 |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 433 (67.1) | 163 (69.7) | 224 (71.8) | 34 (64.2) | 12 (26.1) | - |
| Black | 87 (13.5) | 1 (0.4) | 57 (18.3) | 17 (32.1) | 12 (26.1) | - |
| Hispanic | 71 (11.0) | 32 (13.7) | 21 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 18 (39.1) | - |
| Asian | 7 (1.1) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (6.5) | - |
| Other | 46 (7.1) | 37 (15.8) | 7 (2.2) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.2) | - |
| Mechanism of injury (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Motor vehicle accident | 193 (29.9) | 60 (25.6) | 109 (34.9) | 20 (37.7) | 4 (8.7) | - |
| Pedestrian vs. vehicle | 53 (8.2) | 37 (15.8) | 15 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | - |
| Fall >1 story | 28 (4.3) | 18 (7.7) | 4 (1.3) | 4 (7.5) | 2 (4.3) | - |
| Nonaccidental trauma | 25 (3.9) | 4 (1.7) | 8 (2.6) | 2 (3.8) | 11 (23.9) | - |
| Other blunt | 88 (13.6) | 44 (18.8) | 29 (9.3) | 1 (1.9) | 13 (28.3) | - |
| Penetrating | 130 (20.2) | 11 (4.7) | 109 (34.9) | 10 (18.9) | 0 (0) | - |
| Ground-level fall | 86 (13.3) | 42 (17.9) | 20 (6.4) | 11 (20.8) | 13 (28.3) | - |
| Hanging | 42 (6.5) | 18 (7.7) | 18 (5.8) | 5 (9.4) | 2 (4.3) | - |
| Death (%) | 29 (4.5) | 16 (6.8) | 10 (3.2) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0.27 |
| Rotterdam score >3 | 40 (6.2) | 10 (4.3) | 26 (8.3) | 3 (5.7) | 1 (2.2) | 0.29 |
| Radiation dose† (mGy-cm) ± SD | mean 682.8 ± 383.4 | - | - | - | - | - |
| median 644 [393–876] | ||||||
| Any intracranial injury (%) | 278 (43.1) | 153 (65.4) | 61 (19.6) | 28 (52.8) | 36 (78.3) | <0.001 |
| Epidural | 55 (8.5) | 31 (13.2) | 14 (4.5) | 3 (5.7) | 7 (15.2) | 0.40 |
| Subdural | 130 (20.2) | 65 (27.8) | 37 (11.9) | 12 (22.6) | 16 (34.8) | 0.17 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 109 (16.9) | 54 (23.1) | 31 (9.9) | 10 (18.9) | 14 (30.4) | 0.31 |
| Contusion | 133 (20.6) | 66 (28.2) | 25 (8.0) | 20 (37.7) | 22 (47.8) | 0.02 |
| Cervical spine injury (%) | 53 (8.2) | 26 (11.1) | 23 (7.4) | 2 (3.8) | 2 (4.3) | 0.50 |
| Multiple facial fractures, frontal sinus fractures, Lefort type II or III fractures (%) | 139 (21.6) | 70 (29.9) | 55 (17.6) | 12 (22.6) | 2 (4.3) | 0.04 |
| Fracture through the foramen transversarium (%) | 14 (2.2) | 10 (4.3) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 0.08 |
| Discharge disposition home (%) | 517 (80.2) | 165 (70.5) | 274 (87.8) | 35 (66) | 43 (93.5) | <0.001 |
SD, standard deviation.
*
Excludes Primary Children's Hospital patients.
†
Data available for 168 patients.