Table 2.
Demographic Data and Potential Prognostic Clinical Factors and Their Association with Long-Term Outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended) in Ordinal Univariate Logistic Regression
| Variable | No of cases (%) | OR, 95% CI | p value§ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)* | 31.2 (16–60) | 1.10, 1.04–1.17 | 0.001 |
| Sex (male/female) | 26/4 (86.7/13.3) | 1.05, 0.41–2.68 | 0.91 |
| Length of stay* (days) | 11.8 (3–30) | 1.07, 0.96–1.20 | 0.21 |
| Injury mechanism | |||
| MVA | 18 (60) | 0.46, 0.12–1.68 | 0.24 |
| Sport | 7 (23.3) | 0.29, 0.07–1.32 | 0.11 |
| Fall | 4 (13.3) | 1.25, 0.23–6.62 | 0.80 |
| Assault | 1 (3.3) | R | R |
| Admission GMS score† | 5 (6–1) | 14.6, 2.58–83.22 | 0.0025 |
| Motor deficit (y/n) | 1.34, 0.70–2.57 | 0.38 | |
| None | 14 (46.7) | ||
| Extremity | 7 (23.3) | ||
| Hemiparesis | 8 (26.7) | ||
| Tetraparesis | 1 (3.3) | ||
| Extracranial injury | 22 (73.3) | 2.04, 0.95–4.39 | 0.07 |
| ISS* | 24.3 (16–45) | 1.03, 0.95–1.11 | 0.43 |
| Marshall score | |||
| DI I | 3 (10) | R | R |
| DI II | 22 (73.3) | 1.63, 0.59–4.52 | 0.34 |
| DI III | 5 (16.7) | 1.85, 0.51–6.71 | 0.34 |
| ICP management | |||
| Basal treatment | 24 (80) | R | R |
| CSF drainage | 3 (10) | 1.31, 0.28–6.18 | 0.73 |
| Propofol coma | 3 (10) | 2.33, 0.47–11.49 | 0.30 |
| GMS score at discharge† | 6 (6–4) | 10.32, 2.75–38.75 | 0.0005 |
| GOSE >6 months | |||
| 1–2 | 1 (3.3) | ||
| 3–4 | 8 (26.7) | ||
| 5–6 | 11 (36.7) | ||
| 7–8 | 9 (30) | ||
| LF | 1 (3.3) | ||
§
Association with Glasgow Outcome Scale extended.
*
Listed as mean and range.
†
Listed as median and range.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MVA, motor vehicle accident; R, reference category; GMS, Glasgow Motor Score; ISS, Injury Severity Score49; DI, diffuse injury; ICP, intracranial pressure; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; LF, lost to follow-up.
GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale extended.