Table 1.
Maternal, Pregnancy, Delivery, and Birth Outcome Characteristics at Study Enrolment, by HIV Status, Among 3000 Women in Botswana
| Baseline characteristics | HIV-infected mothers (N = 1499), n (%) | HIV-uninfected mothers (N = 1501), n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Age, median [range] | 29 [18–47] | 24 [18–47] |
| Married | 122 (8) | 145 (10) |
| No or primary education | 197 (13) | 77 (5) |
| Primary water source | ||
| Piped into house | 209 (14) | 317 (21) |
| Tap in the yard | 977 (65) | 1007 (67) |
| Communal standpipe | 301 (20) | 170 (11) |
| Toileting facilities | ||
| Indoor toilet | 289 (19) | 434 (29) |
| Private latrine for compound | 1028 (69) | 946 (63) |
| Shared latrine with other compounds | 69 (5) | 53 (4) |
| No latrine facility | 107 (7) | 60 (4) |
| Electricity in the home | 799 (53) | 987 (66) |
| Housing type | ||
| Formal: tin roof, concrete | 1011 (67) | 1057 (70) |
| Informal: mud roof or thatched | 112 (7) | 69 (5) |
| Mixed formal/informala | 374 (25) | 375 (25) |
| No stable housing | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0) |
| Medical and pregnancy characteristics | ||
| Primigravid | 244 (16) | 675 (45) |
| Gravidity ≥4 | 545 (36) | 199 (13) |
| Any reported pregnancy risk factorb | 168 (12) | 200 (13) |
| Any hospitalization during pregnancy | 205 (14) | 192 (13) |
| Any antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy | 125 (8) | 100 (7) |
| Rh factor negative | 41 (3) | 49 (3) |
| Delivery method and birth outcome | ||
| Delivery method | ||
| Vaginal | 1334 (88) | 1387 (91) |
| Elective Cesarean section | 21 (1) | 16 (1) |
| Emergency Cesarean section | 160 (11) | 115 (8) |
| Birth outcome | ||
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | 277 (18) | 182 (13) |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 254 (17) | 113 (7) |
| Infant birth injuryc | 67 (4) | 110 (7.3) |
The data in this table are presented as N (%) unless otherwise specified.
a
Formal housing defined as having tin roof and concrete walls, informal housing defined as mud walls and thatched roof, and Mixed formal/informal housing defined as having attributes of both formal and informal housing.
b
Any pregnancy risk factor includes smoking, alcohol use, height <1.5 m, and/or presentation for antenatal care in the third trimester.
c
Infant birth injuries included caput (85%), cord around the neck (9%), hematoma (2%), and other (4%).