Table 2.
Risk Factors for Maternal Death up to 24 Months Postpartum Among 3000 Women in Botswana
| All mothers (N = 3000) | HIV-infected mothers (N = 1499) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected risk factors for mortality | Univariate HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | Univariate HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
| HIV infection | 5.7 (2.0–16.6) | 5.0 (1.6–15.2) | — | — |
| Infant birth injuries | 2.9 (1.0–8.5) | 3.8 (1.3–11.4) | 3.5 (1.0–11.9) | 6.9 (1.9–25.3) |
| Maternal age | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.96–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | — |
| No latrine available in compound | 4.5 (1.4–13.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 3.3 (1.0–10.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) |
| Housing mixed formal/informal | 2.0 (0.9–4.5) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 2.8 (1.2–6.7) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) |
| Rh factor negative | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
| Parity | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | — |
| No receipt of ARVs during pregnancy | — | — | 2.0 (0.6–7.2) | 1.6 (0.2–15.2) |
| Receipt of ART or ZDV during pregnancy, but stopped postpartum | — | — | 0.9 (0.4–2.5) | 1.7 (0.6–5.1) |
| On ART >2 years before delivery | — | — | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | — |
| CD4 count during pregnancy | — | — | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
a
For analysis of risk factors of mortality among all study participants, we adjusted for HIV status, presence of an infant birth injury, maternal age, availability of a latrine, housing type, Rh factor, preterm delivery, and parity.
b
For analysis of risk factors of mortality among only HIV-infected women, we adjusted for infant birth injury, availability of a latrine, housing type, Rh factor, preterm delivery, antiretroviral use, and CD4 count (in pregnancy).
ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral medication; ZDV, zidovudine.