Table 3.

Serum levels of cytokines in different study groups

Age (Weeks)	Sex	CF1-CD	CF1-HCD	DF1-CD	DF1-HCD
Adiponectin (ng/ml)
5	Male	12.8 ± 1.2	12.5 ± 1.3	12.4 ± 1.5	12.1 ± 1.1
	Female	17.9 ± 1.5***	16.9 ± 1.6***	17.0 ± 1.6***	16.8 ± 1.8***
10	Male	13.2 ± 0.9	13 ± 1.2	12.0 ± 1.3*	11.4 ± 1.2*,**
	Female	17.6 ± 1.4***	16.5 ± 1.5***	16.7 ± 1.5	16.2 ± 1.7***
15	Male	13.6 ± 1.4	13.1 ± 1.2	12.0 ± 1.4	11.2 ± 1.1*,**
	Female	17.1 ± 1.5***	16.4 ± 1.2***	16.5 ± 1.6***	16.3 ± 1.5***
20	Male	14 ± 1.1	12.6 ± 1.32*	11.8 ± 1.2*	9.8 ± 1*,**
	Female	16.8 ± 1.6***	16.5 ± 1.5***	16.1 ± 2***	15.6 ± 2***
25	Male	14.2 ± 1.3	12.4 ± 1.3*	10.5 ± 1.4*,**	9.3 ± 1.2*,**
	Female	16.7 ± 2***	16.6 ± 2***	15.6 ± 1.8***	14.9 ± 2*,**
30	Male	14.8 ± 1.2	12.5 ± 1.2*	10.0 ± 1.3*,**	9.2 ± 1.1*,**
	Female	16.6 ± 1.9***	16.4 ± 1.9***	15.4 ± 2***	14.2 ± 1.9*,**,***
Leptin (ng/ml)
5	Male	0.54 ± 0.08	0.56 ± 0.07	0.62 ± 0.11*	0.62 ± 0.1*
	Female	1.6 ± 0.1***	1.64 ± 0.12***	1.71 ± 0.08***,**	1.68 ± 0.11**
10	Male	0.3 ± 0.09	0.44 ± 0.09*	0.38 ± 0.12*	0.46 ± 0.1*
	Female	1.1 ± 0.09***	1.18 ± 0.14***	1.3 ± 0.07*,**,***	1.43 ± 0.12*,**,***
15	Male	0.26 ± 0.08	0.43 ± 0.11*	0.34 ± 0.09*,**	0.45 ± 0.14*
	Female	0.94 ± 0.08***	0.96 ± 0.1***	1.04 ± 0.11***	1.22 ± 0.08*,**,***
20	Male	0.24 ± 0.11	0.41 ± 0.09*	0.330.08*,**	0.44 ± 0.12*
	Female	0.81 ± 0.11***	0.9 ± 0.06***	0.95 ± 0.09*,***	1.3 ± 0.11*,**,***
25	Male	0.22 ± 0.09	0.4 ± 0.11*	0.31 ± 0.1*,**	0.45 ± 0.14*
	Female	0.84 ± 0.12***	0.91 ± 0.14***	0.97 ± 0.12*,***	1.34 ± 0.1*,**,***
30	Male	0.19 ± 0.09	0.41 ± 0.11*	0.3 ± 0.05*,**	0.42 ± 0.15*
	Female	0.9 ± 0.1***	0.95 ± 0.1***	0.97 ± 0.15***	1.36 ± 0.12*,**,***
TNF-α (pg/ml)
5	Male	17 ± 2.1	23 ± 2.1*	26 ± 2.4*,**	29 ± 2.3*,**
	Female	23 ± 3***	24 ± 2.5	24 ± 2.7	26 ± 3*,***
10	Male	19 ± 2.3	22 ± 2.4*	37 ± 2.3*,**	46 ± 4*,**
	Female	25 ± 3***	26 ± 2.6***	31 ± 3.4*,**,***	29 ± 5*,**,***
15	Male	19 ± 2	23 ± 2*	42 ± 2.6*,**	55 ± 5.3*,**
	Female	27 ± 4***	31 ± 3*,***	33 ± 3.1*,***	34 ± 5*,***
20	Male	20 ± 2.4	25 ± 2.4*	52 ± 2*,**	61 ± 6*,**
	Female	29 ± 3***	33 ± 2.5*,***	32 ± 3***	36 ± 5*,***
25	Male	21 ± 2.1	27 ± 2.1*	60 ± 2.3*,**	66 ± 7*,**
	Female	30 ± 2***	34 ± 3*,***	33 ± 4***	41 ± 6*,**,***
30	Male	22 ± 1.8	31 ± 2.2*	71 ± 2.1*,**	74 ± 7.8*,**
	Female	32 ± 3***	35 ± 3***	35 ± 3.8***	44 ± 7*,**,***

Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 10)

Abbreviations denote: CF1-CD; F1 offspring of control mothers under control diet, CF1-HCD; F1 offspring of control mothers under HCD, DF1-CD; F1 offspring of diabetic mothers under control diet, and DF1-HCD; F1 offspring of diabetic mothers under HCD

*Significant different from CF1-CD by ANOVA (p < 0.05)

**Significant different from CF-HCD by ANOVA (p < 0.05)

***Significant different from male at each age by t-test (p < 0.05)