Table 2.
Risk (95% CI) of incident ESRD by frequency of diet soda consumption
| Variables | Categories of Diet Soda Consumption, glasses/wk | P Value for Trend | Continuous Diet Soda Consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 (n=6678) | 1–4 (n=2728) | 5–7 (n=3885) | >7 (n=2077) | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| ESRD, n (%) | 125 (1.9) | 42 (1.5) | 116 (3.0) | 73 (3.5) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.32 (0.91 to 1.89) | 2.21 (1.69 to 2.88) | 3.27 (2.40 to 4.45) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.40 to 1.67) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.75 to 1.55) | 1.33 (1.01 to 1.75) | 1.83 (1.01 to 2.52) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.16 to 1.43) | <0.001 |
| Model 3a | 1 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.75 to 1.55) | 1.33 (1.01 to 1.75) | 1.83 (1.33 to 2.53) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.17 to 1.43) | <0.001 |
| Model 3b | 1 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.71 to 1.48) | 1.22 (0.92 to 1.62) | 1.71 (1.23 to 2.38) | 0.001 | 1.27 (1.14 to 1.41) | <0.001 |
| Model 3c | 1 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.71 to 1.48) | 1.24 (0.94 to 1.64) | 1.64 (1.18 to 2.28) | 0.002 | 1.25 (1.12 to 1.39) | <0.001 |
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race-center, education level, smoking status, physical activity, total caloric intake, baseline eGFR (linear spline terms with one knot at 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Model 2: Model 1 + body mass index category, diabetes, systolic BP, serum uric acid. Model 3a: Model 2 + dietary acid load. Model 3b: Model 2 + diet quality (modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010), dietary sodium, dietary fructose, frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Model 3c: Model 2 + dietary phosphorus. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; –, not applicable.