Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics | Control, n=17 | PTA, n=56 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patent, n=33 | Restenosis, n=23 | P Value | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Men | 12 (70%) | 18 (56%) | 10 (40%) | 0.59 |
| Age, yr | 63±13 | 66±12 | 65±14 | 0.80 |
| Dialysis vintage, mo | 98 (73–147) | 37 (23–53) | 44 (26–56) | 0.14 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 14 (82%) | 30 (91%) | 19 (83%) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes | 5 (29%) | 20 (61%) | 12 (52%) | 0.59 |
| Current smoker | 0 (0%) | 8 (24%) | 4 (17%) | 0.47 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1 (2%) | 12 (36%) | 10 (44%) | 0.78 |
| CAD | 1 (2%) | 18 (54%) | 12 (52%) | 0.99 |
| PAD | 0 (0%) | 7 (21%) | 8 (35%) | 0.16 |
| Biochemistry | ||||
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 151±36 | 159±35 | 155±31 | 0.63 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 121 (77–201) | 178 (110–304) | 174 (96–273) | 0.69 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.88±0.37 | 3.72±0.41 | 3.12±0.39 | 0.39 |
| Calcium, mg/dl | 9.72±1.11 | 9.59±1.15 | 9.60±0.95 | 0.99 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl | 5.33±1.99 | 4.73±1.44 | 4.95±1.90 | 0.70 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 10.6±1.54 | 11.20±1.37 | 10.60±1.05 | 0.08 |
| Kt/V | 1.38±0.16 | 1.35±0.25 | 1.39±0.24 | 0.53 |
| Medications | ||||
| Antiplatelet | 4 (24%) | 13 (39%) | 11 (48%) | 0.59 |
| Calcium blocker | 6 (35%) | 19 (58%) | 8 (35%) | 0.11 |
| ACEI/ARB | 3 (18%) | 15 (46%) | 9 (39%) | 0.79 |
| β-Blocker | 6 (35%) | 10 (30%) | 7 (30%) | 0.99 |
| Lipid-lowering agents | ||||
| Statin | 1 (2%) | 4 (12%) | 3 (13%) | 0.99 |
| Nonstatin | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.99 |
| Nitrate | 0 (0%) | 12 (36%) | 2 (9%) | 0.02 |
| Access and lesion | ||||
| Shunt age, mo | 91 (60–112) | 35 (22–47) | 51 (32–76) | 0.20 |
| Upper arm fistula | 0 (0%) | 11 (33%) | 13 (57%) | 0.10 |
| Right arm fistula | 6 (35%) | 6 (18%) | 4 (17%) | 0.99 |
| RV diameter, mm | — | 5.8±0.9 | 6.2±0.9 | 0.20 |
| Lesion length, cm | — | 3.4±1.5 | 4.5±2.0 | 0.03 |
| Pre-PTA stenosis, % | — | 73±14 | 78±14 | 0.17 |
| Post-PTA residual stenosis, % | — | 18±9 | 19±9 | 0.55 |
| Lesion location | — | |||
| Anastomosis | — | 3 (9%) | 2 (9%) | 0.99 |
| Outflow vein | — | 30 (91%) | 21 (91%) | 0.99 |
| Resistant stenosis | — | 4 (12%) | 4 (17%) | 0.70 |
| Procedures | ||||
| HPB-PTA | — | 2 (6%) | 4 (17%) | 0.22 |
| CB-PTA | — | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.51 |
| Oversizing, % | — | 12±11 | 15±9 | 0.39 |
| Vessel complications | — | 1 (3%) | 2 (9%) | 0.56 |
Values are means±SD for normally distributed variables, medians (interquartile ranges) for non–normally distributed variables, and numbers (percentages) for dichotomous variables. Vessel complications include dissection and rupture of vessels. PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; CAD, coronary artery disease; PAD, peripheral artery disease; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensinogen receptor blocker; RV, reference vessel; —, not applicable; HPB-PTA, high–pressure balloon percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; CB-PTA, cutting balloon percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.