Table 4.

Surgical strategies

Goal	Options
Correction of morphological deformities	Prolapse
	Cloaca
	Keyhole deformity
	Perirectal fistula
	Rectovaginal fistula
	Tumor
Sphincter repair	Overlapping sphincteroplasty
Enhancement of impaired sphincter function	Sacral nerve stimulation
	Radiofrequency energy administration (SECCA™)
	Injection of bulking agents (NASHA/DX, beads etc.)
Sphincter replacement/support	Artificial bowel sphincter
	Implantation of magnetic anal sphincter (Fenix™)
	Graciloplasty
	Implantation of Thiersch
	Implantation of pelvic sling system
Diversion	Colostomy
Reduction of fecal load	Malone antegrade continence enema