Table 13.

Effects of deep sea water on cancer.

Type of study model	Experimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment]	Major activity	Reference
In vitro study	MDA-MB-231 cells, DSW 200, 400, 800, and 1500 hardness, 2-3 days	Inhibited cells' migratory ability in a wound-healing assay, mediated through TGF-β and Wnt5a signalling, resulting in attenuated expression of CD44.	[37]
In vitro study	Noninvasive MCF-7 cells, DSW 200, 400, 800, and 1500 hardness, 2-3 days	Inhibited TPA-induced migration and MMP-9 activity with a concomitant decrease in mRNA levels of MMP-9, TGF-β, Wnt5a, and Wnt3a.	[37]
	Green tea leaves were soaked in desalinated DSW at 75°C for 10 min	Increased nitrite scavenging activity from 31.33 ± 0.05 to 37.12 ± 0.42%. Increased overall amounts of catechins.	[38]
	Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100, Ames test, methanol extract of kochujang added with sea tangle and deep sea water salts (SDK), 200 μg/plate	71.4% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against TA98 strain. 56.1% and 83.6% inhibitions on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO and MNNG against TA100 strain.	[39]