Table 1.

Subject characteristics

Subject characteristics	COPD	Smokers	Never-smokers	P-value
Clinical characteristics
Age, years	64±7.8	60±9.2	64±11.0	0.068A, 0.881B, 0.191C
Male sex, %	53	40	30	0.339A, 0.083B, 0.520C
Body mass index, kg/m2	24±3.6	26±3.4	25±3.1	0.074A, 0.406B, 0.379C
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	125±13	121±12	126±9.8	0.220A, 0.649B, 0.119C
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	76±6.6	73±8.5	75±5.5	0.223A, 0.536B, 0.598C
Heart rate, beats per minute	88±18	73±16	73±13	0.02A, <0.001B, 0.938C
Smoking history, pack-years	65±37	39±23	0±0	0.04A, <0.001B, <0.001C
Acute exacerbation rate, n/year	1.0 (0–1.6)
Lung function testing
FVC, % predicted	78±17	104±13	103±16	<0.001A, <0.001B, 0.880C
FEV1, % predicted	41±18	99±12	101±16	<0.001A, <0.001B, 0.655C
FEV1/FVC ratio	43±15	82±8.2	84±10	<0.001A, <0.001B, 0.503C
Laboratory parameters
LDL/HDL ratio	1.6±0.80	1.7±0.72	1.4±0.69	0.543A, 0.584B, 0.269C
HbA1c, %	5.4±0.35	5.3±0.16	5.5±0.37	0.054A, 0.946B, 0.058C
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.8±0.19	0.82±0.20	0.81±0.18	0.415A, 0.469B, 0.923C
Neutrophils, ×103/mL	4.7±1.6	4.3±1.2	4.3±1.4	0.302A, 0.208B, 0.844C
Interleukin-6, pg/mL	2.7 (1.6–5.3)	2.2 (1.5–3.4)	0.97 (0.74–1.8)	0.051A, <0.001B, 0.123C
Cardiovascular parameters
B-IMT, mm	0.37±0.08	0.32±0.06	0.33±0.06	0.007A, 0.033B, 0.559C
B-IMA, mm2	4.7±1.4	3.9±1.2	3.9±1.3	0.027A, 0.022B, 0.910C
Pro-BNP, pg/mL	82 (47–161)	74 (45–166)	76 (36–177)	0.975A, 0.771B, 0.814C
ADMA, μmol/L	0.47 (0.42–0.54)	0.55 (0.52–0.62)	0.54 (0.43–0.59)	0.131A, 0.817B, 0.135C

Notes: P-values are not significant unless presented.

^ACOPD versus smokers;

^BCOPD versus nonsmokers;

^Cnonsmokers versus smokers.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; B-IMT, brachial intima-media thickness; B-IMA, brachial intima-media area; Pro-BNP, pro b-type natriuretic peptide; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine.