| Level 2: Estimates for Country-Level Policy and Contextual Variables | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vacation/Sick | 0.00348 (0.00375) | |||||||
| Work Flex | 0.0130** (0.00502) | |||||||
| Paid Matern | 0.0278 (0.0265) | |||||||
| Paid Parent | 0.0327 (0.0401) | |||||||
| Childcare Cost | -0.00502** (0.00236) | |||||||
| Comp Policy (CPI) | 0.121*** (0.0400) | |||||||
| Pmt Soc. Ins. | -0.264*** (0.0394) | |||||||
| Major Res. | -0.0724* (0.0414) | |||||||
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| GDP | -0.0131 (0.0319) | 0.0591* (0.0358) | -7.13e-05 (0.0380) | 0.00253 (0.0398) | 0.0248 (0.0340) | 0.00191 (0.0363) | 0.0902*** (0.0202) | 0.0576** (0.0224) |
| TFR | 0.234*** (0.0492) | 0.0653 (0.0410) | 0.164*** (0.0373) | 0.204*** (0.0462) | 0.126*** (0.0433) | 0.236*** (0.0371) | 0.00397 (0.0302) | 0.180*** (0.0298) |
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| Level 1: Estimates for Individual-Level Variables (Includes Parenthood × Policy Cross-Level Interactions) | ||||||||
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| Parenthood | -0.0603*** (0.0179) | 0.0334 (0.0288) | -0.0482** (0.0199) | -0.0230** (0.0101) | 0.0231 (0.0165) | -0.0308*** (0.0110) | -0.0413** (0.0184) | -0.0261*** (0.00969) |
| Parenthood × Policy | 0.00329** (0.00116) | -0.00422* (0.00221) | 0.0134+ (0.00841) | 0.0190* (0.0106) | -0.00379*** (0.00123) | 0.0402** (0.0163) | 0.0365* (0.0209) | 0.0455** (0.0179) |
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| Female | 0.0615*** (0.00554) | 0.0578*** (0.00536) | 0.0623*** (0.00566) | 0.0625*** (0.00548) | 0.0662*** (0.00697) | 0.0627*** (0.00577) | 0.0624*** (0.00545) | 0.0657*** (0.00552) |
| Age | -.000680*** (0.000181) | -0.00133*** (0.000177) | -0.000423** (0.000184) | -.000622*** (0.000181) | -0.00131*** (0.000224) | -0.000711*** (0.000189) | -.000520*** (0.000178) | -.000320* (0.000179) |
| Age Squared | 0.000182*** (9.31e-06) | 0.000196*** (9.10e-06) | 0.000177*** (9.42e-06) | 0.000185*** (9.16e-06) | 0.000219*** (1.15e-05) | 0.000184*** (9.70e-06) | 0.000187*** (9.07e-06) | 0.000183*** (9.16e-06) |
| Family Income | 0.0230*** (0.00128) | 0.0229*** (0.00126) | 0.0219*** (0.00129) | 0.0230*** (0.00127) | 0.0269*** (0.00168) | 0.0225*** (0.00133) | 0.0208*** (0.00125) | 0.0229*** (0.00127) |
| Married | 0.210*** (0.00667) | 0.211*** (0.00650) | 0.208*** (0.00675) | 0.210*** (0.00664) | 0.217*** (0.00842) | 0.210*** (0.00694) | 0.207*** (0.00658) | 0.208*** (0.00661) |
| Lives w/Partner | 0.131*** (0.00963) | 0.128*** (0.00947) | 0.125*** (0.00990) | 0.134*** (0.00937) | 0.140*** (0.0119) | 0.131*** (0.0101) | 0.128*** (0.00938) | 0.133*** (0.00951) |
| Full Time Work | -0.0186*** (0.00614) | -0.0158*** (0.00600) | -0.0198*** (0.00614) | -0.0185*** (0.00597) | -0.00261 (0.00795) | -0.0180*** (0.00643) | -0.0165*** (0.00590) | -0.0175*** (0.00610) |
| Some Post-Secondary Educ | 0.000149 (0.00685) | -0.00284 (0.00667) | 0.00396 (0.00697) | 0.00196 (0.00676) | 0.00505 (0.00855) | -0.00143 (0.00713) | -8.97e-06 (0.00679) | 0.00547 (0.00677) |
| Higher Degree | -0.0126 (0.00796) | -0.00929 (0.00781) | -0.00814 (0.00803) | -0.00699 (0.00789) | -0.0149 (0.00987) | -0.00911 (0.00830) | -0.0149* (0.00773) | -0.00555 (0.00790) |
| Mgr / Prof. | 0.0344*** (0.00756) | 0.0381*** (0.00739) | 0.0360*** (0.00765) | 0.0340*** (0.00745) | 0.0384*** (0.00946) | 0.0408*** (0.00780) | 0.0288*** (0.00734) | 0.0352*** (0.00748) |
| Other Prof. | 0.0209*** (0.00789) | 0.0203*** (0.00764) | 0.0213*** (0.00790) | 0.0196** (0.00765) | 0.0219** (0.00967) | 0.0260*** (0.00827) | 0.0112 (0.00763) | 0.0231*** (0.00763) |
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| Constant | 0.925*** (0.0518) | 0.792*** (0.0656) | 0.949*** (0.0508) | 0.928*** (0.0290) | 0.992*** (0.0356) | 0.931*** (0.0245) | 1.188*** (0.0361) | 0.977*** (0.0233) |
| Observations | 40,036 | 41,230 | 38,796 | 39,914 | 22,986 | 36,937 | 40,814 | 40,284 |
| Number of groups | 30 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 15 | 28 | 31 | 30 |
| Log Likelihood | -31126 | -31438 | -30158 | -30610 | -16567 | -28734 | -31412 | -31126 |
Note. All models include a random coefficient for parenthood (has child). Number of groups differs across models due to listwise availability of policy variables and exclusion of influential groups from policy estimates. Comprehensive policy model includes only countries with full policy information for vacation/sick leave, work flexibility, and paid leave for mothers.
For policy estimates and cross-level interactions (one-tailed):
***
p < .001,
**
p < .01,
*
p < .05,
+
p < .06
For all other coefficients (two-tailed): ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05