Table 4.

Results from Multilevel Mixed-Effects Regressions of Happiness on Parenthood and Work-Family Reconciliation Policies (Source: 2006 and 2008 European Social Survey with ISSP Supplemental English-Speaking Countries.^*

	Model 1. MAIN EFFECTS: COUNTRY-LEVEL POLICY AND PARENTHOOD
	Vacation/Sick Leave	Work Flexibility	Paid Leave for Mothers	Paid Parental Leave	Childcare Cost	Comp Policy Index (CPI)	Pmt into Soc. Ins.	Major Elig. Res.
(1) Policy Effect	0.00397 (0.00377)	0.0124** (0.00500)	0.0294 (0.0266)	0.0355 (0.0402)	-0.00556** (0.00246)	0.127*** (0.0404)	-0.260*** (0.0393)	-0.0655+ (0.0414)
(2) Parenthood Effect	-0.0163 (0.0099)	-0.0185+ (0.01002)	-0.0206* (0.0102)	-0.0131 (0.00892)	-0.0194+ (0.0114)	-0.0140 (0.00958)	-0.0138 (0.00977)	-0.0142 (0.00913)
Model 2. CROSS-LEVEL INTERACTION RESULTS: POLICY AND PARENTHOOD
(3) Policy Effect	0.00348 (0.00375)	0.0130** (0.00502)	0.0278 (0.0265)	0.0327 (0.0401)	-0.00502** (0.00236)	0.121*** (0.0400)	-0.264*** (0.0394)	-0.0724* (0.0414)
(4) Parenthood Effect	-0.0603*** (0.0179)	0.0334 (0.0288)	-0.0482** (0.0199)	-0.0230** (0.0101)	0.0231 (0.0165)	-0.0308*** (0.0110)	-0.0413** (0.0184)	-0.0261** (0.00969)
(5) Parenthood × Policy	0.00329** (0.00116)	-0.00422* (0.00221)	0.0134+ (0.00841)	0.0190* (0.0106)	-0.00379*** (0.00123)	0.0402** (0.0163)	0.0365* (0.0209)	0.0455** (0.0179)
Observations	40,036	41,230	38,796	39,914	22,986	36,937	40,814	40,284
Number of groups	30	31	29	29	15	28	31	30
Log Likelihood	-31126	-31438	-30158	-30610	-16567	-28734	-31412	-31126

^*Models include sociodemographic controls (sex, age, income, married or living with partner, full-time work, education, occupation) at level 1 and GDP and TFR at level 2 (country).

^***p < .001,

^**p < .01,

^*p < .05,

⁺p < .06 (one-tailed)