Table 3.

Pre-post changes in study outcomes over 8 weeks in the PP intervention and TAU cohorts

Measure	Baseline scores M (SD)	8 week follow-up scores M (SD)	Change from baseline to 8 weeks	ES (d)
PP intervention cohort (n = 20)
PANAS (positive affect)	35.1 (7.9)	38.2 (8.6)	3.1(*)	.46
LOT-R (dispositional optimism)	23.5 (4.8)	23.0 (5.8)	–.50	.08
HADS-T° (total negative psychological health)	13.4 (8.9)	9.0 (5.6)	–4.4*	.69
HADS-A° (anxiety)	8.5 (5.9)	5.7 (4.6)	–2.8*	.66
HADS-D° (depression)	4.9 (3.9)	3.3 (4.1)	–1.6(*)	.46
TAU cohort (n = 22)
PANAS (positive affect)	36.7 (7.6)	36.3 (7.3)	–.40	.01
LOT-R (dispositional optimism)	24.9 (3.7)	25.9 (3.7)	1.0	.30
HADS-T (total negative psychological health)	8.5 (6.7)	8.6 (5.8)	.10	.02
HADS-A (anxiety)	4.7 (4.1)	4.4 (3.5)	–.30	.09
HADS-D (depression)	3.8 (3.4)	4.3 (3.1)	.50	.21

M mean, SD standard deviation, ES effect size (Cohen's d, absolute value), HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, LOT-R Life Orientation Test-Revised, PANAS Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

^(*)p < .10

^*p < .01 on paired t test

^°n = 19