Table 4.
Univariate Risk Factors for Influenza Mortality among American Indian/Alaska Native Persons (alone or in combination with other races), for 5 states (Alaska, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wyoming), 2009.
| Risk Factor | Level | Cases (n = 32) |
Controls (n = 38) |
OR (CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specimen Collection Date | April – September, October, November or Later | 31% (10) | 37% (14) | ||
| 50% (16) | 47% (18) | 0.87a | |||
| 19% (6) | 16% (6) | ||||
|
| |||||
| State | AK | 9% (3) | 13% (5) | ||
| AZ | 16% (5) | 5% (2) | |||
| NM | 41% (13) | 18% (7) | 0.11 | ||
| OK | 31% (10) | 58% (22) | |||
| WY | 3% (1) | 5% (2) | |||
|
| |||||
| Age Class | <18 | 22% (7) | 42% (16) | ref | 0.13 |
| 18–44 | 34% (11) | 34% (13) | 1.93 (0.58, 6.40) | ||
| 45+ | 44% (14) | 24% (9) | 3.56 (1.05, 12.05) | ||
|
| |||||
| Sex | Male | 50% (16) | 50% (18) | ref | |
| Female | 50% (16) | 50% (18) | 1.00 (0.39, 2.59) | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||
| Barrier to Healthcare | No | 65% (15) | 89% (34) | ref | |
| Yes | 35% (8) | 11% (4) | 4.53 (1.18, 17.40) | 0.03 | |
|
| |||||
| Household Density ≥ 1.5 Persons/room | No | 71% (15) | 89% (31) | ref | |
| Yes | 29% (6) | 11% (4) | 3.10 (0.76, 12.66) | 0.12 | |
|
| |||||
| Wood-Burning Stove | No | 78% (18) | 87% (33) | ref | |
| Yes | 22% (5) | 13% (5) | 1.83 (0.47, 7.19) | 0.38 | |
|
| |||||
| ≥ 4 Sinks in Household | No | 77% (17) | 61% (22) | ref | |
| Yes | 23% (5) | 39% (14) | 0.46 (0.14, 1.54) | 0.21 | |
|
| |||||
| Smoker at Illness Onset | No | 64% (18) | 91% (32) | 4.22b (0.99, 18.13) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 36% (10) | 9% (3) | 5.93 (1.44, 24.36) | 0.01 | |
|
| |||||
| Secondhand Smoke in Home | No | 75% (18) | 92% (35) | ref | |
| Yes | 25% (6) | 8% (3) | 3.89 (0.87, 17.39) | 0.08 | |
|
| |||||
| Heavy Alcohol User | No | 79% (22) | 91% (32) | 2.00b (0.44, 9.19) | 0.37 |
| Yes | 21% (6) | 9% (3) | 2.91 (0.66, 12.89) | 0.16 | |
|
| |||||
| Obesity | No | 41% (13) | 76% (29) | ref | |
| Yes | 59% (19) | 24% (9) | 4.71 (1.69, 13.17) | 0.003 | |
|
| |||||
| Poverty (<$25,000/year) | No | 35% (6) | 74% (23) | ref | |
| Yes | 65% (11) | 26% (8) | 5.27 (1.47, 18.94) | 0.01 | |
|
| |||||
| ≥ 1 Pre-existing Condition | No | 31% (10) | 69% (24) | 5.50b (1.44, 20.96) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 69% (22) | 31% (11) | 4.80 (1.71, 13.49) | 0.003 | |
|
| |||||
| Influenza-like illness | No | 28% (8) | 14% (5) | ref | |
| Yes | 72% (21) | 86% (30) | 0.44 (0.13, 1.53) | 0.19 | |
|
| |||||
| Antiviral Receipt | No | 40% (10) | 61% (20) | ref | |
| Yes (≤ 2 days) | 24% (6) | 30% (10) | 2.31c (0.80, 6.67) | 0.12 | |
| Yes (≥ 3 days) | 36% (9) | 9% (3) | 5.00d (0.96, 26.11) | 0.06 | |
|
| |||||
| Time from symptom onset to seeking care | ≤ 2 days | 60% (15) | 72% (23) | ref | |
| ≥ 3 days | 40% (10) | 28% (9) | 1.70 (0.56, 5.17) | 0.35 | |
a
test if overall mean specimen date differs between AI/AN cases and controls
b
among those 18 years of age and older
c
comparing those who received antivirals (≤ 2 days and ≥ 3 days combined) to those who did not
d
comparing those who received antivirals ≥ 3 days after symptom onset to those receiving antivirals ≤ 2 days after symptom onset