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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Addict Behav. 2016 Sep 26;30(8):876–886. doi: 10.1037/adb0000213

Table 4.

Critical Ratios for Tests of Indirect Effects for Smoking Onset in Structural Modeling Analysis

Indirect Critical
Pathway effect (b’) SE ratio p
E-cig use => Prototypes => Onset 0.029 0.016 1.80 .07
E-cig use => Expectancies => Onset 0.028 0.013 2.14 .03
E-cig use => Affiliations => Onset 0.054 0.020 2.72 <.01
E-cig use => Marijuana => Onset 0.143 0.027 5.28 < .0001

Note: E-cig = e-cigarette. Values are unstandardized effects.