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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer. 2016 Nov 14;123(2):200–209. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30314

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Representation of the two schools of thought: Splitting (top) demonstrating the narrower definitions obtained by applying increasingly strict criteria. Such strategies have been highly effective for application of specifically targeted therapy. Lumping (bottom) converges like groups according to similar features, or in this example, according to therapies that have demonstrated benefit to the group. *While PD-L1 staining has been observed in both clear cell and non-clear cell RCC, the activity of checkpoint inhibitors in non-clear cell RCC has not been well studied. However, PD-L1 staining is an important example of how biomarkers for specific classes of drugs can cross over previously defined “splitting schemas.