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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2016 Dec 8;95:183–191. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.12.002

Table 2.

Associations of maternal vitamin D biomarkers with biochemical markers of bone turnover in mothers (n = 26) and their fetuses (n = 23)1–3

Maternal vitamin D markers R2 β (95% CI) P Significant Covariates4,5
Maternal bone markers at baseline
1,25(OH)2D at baseline NTx 0.30 −0.002 (−0.0043, −5.0e-6) 0.050 BMI
1,25(OH)2D at baseline DPD/Cr 0.38 0.001 (0.0004, 0.002) 0.010 rs10741657
1,25(OH)2D at baseline OC 0.34 0.003 (0.0003, 0.006) 0.035 season, rs10741657
Free 25(OH)D at baseline iPTH 0.54 −0.020 (−0.040, −0.001) 0.040 rs10741657, education
Free 25(OH)D at baseline ALP 0.31 0.012 (−0.023, −0.0005) 0.042 rs7041
Maternal bone markers at study-end
Δ 25(OH)D6 DPD/Cr 0.49 −0.009 (−0.016, −0.002) 0.020 age, rs10741657
Δ 25(OH)D6 OC 0.74 −0.031 (−0.046, −0.017) < 0.001 BMI, gestational weight gain, rs10741657, rs12794714
1,25(OH)2D at baseline DPD/Cr 0.60 0.001 (0.0001, 0.002) 0.033 season, age, rs10741657
1,25(OH)2D at baseline OC 0.46 0.004 (0.002, 0.007) 0.002 season, rs10741657
1,25(OH)2D at study-end NTx 0.31 −0.002 (−0.003, 4.4e-5) 0.056 BMI
24,25(OH)2D at study-end NTx 0.68 −0.061 (−0.126, 0.004) 0.063 ethnicity, gestational weight gain, rs10741657
Free 25(OH)D at study-end NTx 0.30 −0.018 (−0.038, 0.001) 0.062 BMI
Free 25(OH)D at study-end ALP 0.90 −0.011 (−0.018, −0.004) 0.004 BMI, education, infant weight, infant length, rs7041
3-epi-25(OH)D3 at baseline ALP 0.92 −0.078 (−0.119, −0.037) 0.001 BMI, ethnicity, season, infant weight, infant length, mode of delivery
3-epi-25(OH)D3 at study-end DPD/Cr 0.56 −0.040 (−0.075, −0.004) 0.031 age, infant length
3-epi-25(OH)D3 at study-end ALP 0.49 −0.058 (−0.093, −0.023) 0.002 BMI
Δ 3-epi-25(OH)D36 NTx 0.72 −0.104 (−0.020, −0.007) 0.037 BMI, rs10741657, rs7041, infant weight, infant head circumference
Fetal bone markers at delivery
Δ 25(OH)D6 OC 0.83 0.042 (0.015, 0.068) 0.005 BMI, gestational weight gain, rs10741657, rs7041
24,25(OH)2D at study-end CTx 0.70 0.031 (0.007, 0.055) 0.018 BMI, ethnicity, gestational weight gain, infant weight, rs10741657, prestudy supplement use
Free 25(OH)D at baseline CTx 0.53 0.008 (0.001, 0.015) 0.021 gestational weight gain, infant weight, infant length, rs10741657
1

Data were derived using linear mixed models which controlled for covariates.

2

All biochemical markers of bone turnover were log(ln)-transformed except for fetal CTx.

3

None of these associations achieved statistical significance among nonpregnant women.

4

Influential covariates which achieved statistical significance (P < 0.05) were retained in the final model of each outcome.

5

Two intake levels of dietary choline of this study did not achieve a statistical significance, and consequently, were not included in any of the final models.

6

Calculated by subtracting baseline values from study-end values.