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. 2017 Jan 10;7:679. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00679

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Copyright © 2017 Graves, Li, LaPato, Shapiro, Glover, Wallet and Wallet.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with elevated levels of beta-defensin 2 and IL-17C within duodenal lysates. (A) Delta CT value [gene of interest (GOI)—18S] of each gene evaluated in duodenal lysates from individuals with and without T1D. Please note the higher value indicates lower expression of the GOI. (B) Fold change of mRNA expression of indicated genes in duodenal lysates from individuals with T1D over mRNA expression in duodenal lysates from individuals without T1D. (C) Protein expression of interleukin 10. Gray bars: T1D (n = 17); white bars: non-T1D (n = 13). **p ≤ 0.01.