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. 2017 Jan 10;7:677. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00677

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Copyright © 2017 Kumar, Sunagar, Pham, Franz, Rosa, Hazlett and Gosselin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A model comparing observations when utilizing inactivated Francisella tularensis (iFt)-Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) versus iFt-Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) as immunogen. iFt-MHB in comparison to iFt-BHI engages and activates antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APCs) including significantly higher binding, expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and TNF]. iFt-MHB Ags are also presented to Ft-specific T cells more efficiently compared to iFt-BHI. Collectively, superior activation of APCs by iFt-MHB results in higher IgG response and protection against lethal Ft challenge.