Table 1.

Conditions associated with high levels of plasmatic LPS.

Disease/Condition	Association with LPS
Depression and neurodegenerative diseases	Peripheral inflammation can chronically activate brain microglia to produce elevated pro-inflammatory factors (Qin et al., 2007; Maes et al., 2013; Suffredini and Noveck, 2014).
Cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis	Macrophages with a pro-inflammatory profile induced by TLR accumulate in blood vessel walls eventually forming a plaque (Wiedermann, 1999; Caesar et al., 2010).
Chronic fatigue syndrome	Serum levels of antibodies directed against LPS correlate to the level of fatigue (Maes and Leunis, 2008).
Cancer	LPS have been shown to increase the inflammatory activity of immune cells that generate oxidative radicals incrementing the chance of DNA damage in proliferating cells (Coussens and Werb, 2002), and they also increase the adhesiveness and metastatic capacity of cancer cells (Hsu et al., 2011).
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	LPS decreased insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects that had a reduced response to insulin 24 h after a LPS infusion protocol (Mehta et al., 2010).
Obesity	LPS are identified as a triggering factor since a 4-week treatment of LPS in mice resulted in a similar whole-body, liver, and adipose tissue weight gain as in a HFAD (Cani et al., 2007).
Autism	The higher the level of LPS, the worse the social interaction of the patient (Emanuele et al., 2010).
Systemic lupus erythematosus disease	LPS increase systemic nucleosome release due to an enhancement of apoptosis and a decrease in the clearance of apoptotic cells (Licht et al., 2001).
HIV-1	LPS lead to neurological dysfunctions since the increase of cytokine production affects the permeability of the blood-brain barrier allowing the trespassing of the virus into the brain (Dohgu and Banks, 2008).
Retinal pathologies	LPS are an underlying factor for their progression due to the sensitivity of the retinal pigment epithelium cells to inflammatory stress (Leung et al., 2009).
Autoimmune Joint Inflammation	An oral administration of LPS can exacerbate arthritis in animal models and antibiotics can suppress the recurrence of the disease (Yoshino et al., 1999).