Table 1.
Rates and odds ratios (with 95 % confidence interval) for substance use-related problems in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) probands and matched non-ASD population controls
| Substance-related problem | Probands | Unexposed individuals | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysisa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with ASD N = 26,986 n (%) | Non-ASD individuals N = 1,349,300 n (%) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | |
| Any problem | 1079 (4.0) | 17,643 (1.3) | 3.3 (3.1–3.6)*** | 2.6 (2.4–2.7)*** |
| Substance use disorder | 980 (3.6) | 10,228 (0.8) | 5.2 (4.9–5.6)*** | 3.9 (3.6–4.2)*** |
| Alcohol | 574 (2.1) | 7519 (0.6) | 4.0 (3.7–4.4)*** | 3.1 (2.8–3.4)*** |
| Drugs | 579 (2.1) | 3638 (0.3) | 8.5 (7.7–9.3)*** | 5.6 (5.1–6.2)*** |
| Tobacco | 17 (0.1) | 134 (0.0) | 6.4 (3.8–10.5)*** | 4.6 (2.8–7.8)*** |
| Crime | 259 (1.0) | 9687 (0.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.5)*** | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) |
| Somatic disease | 7 (0.0) | 59 (0.0) | 5.9 (2.7–13.0)*** | 4.3 (1.9–9.7)*** |
| Death | 6 (0.0) | 99 (0.0) | 3.0 (1.3–6.9)** | 2.0 (0.9–4.6) |
***p value <0.001
aAdjustment for parental education, family income and substance use disorder prior to ASD diagnosis