Table 3.
Rates and odds ratios (with 95 % confidence interval) for substance use-related problems in relatives of probands with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared to relatives of matched non-ASD controls
| Relative | Substance-related problem | Rate n (%) | Total | Comorbidity in probands | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | ADHD | ID | ADHD + ID | ||||
| Crude OR (95 % CI) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | |||
| Full siblings N = 30,456 | Any problem | 1191 (3.9) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6)*** | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)*** | 1.8 (1.5-2.0)*** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)** | 1.9 (1.6–2.4)*** |
| Substance use disorder | 831 (2.7) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7)*** | 1.4 (1.2–1.6)*** | 2.0 (1.8–2.3)*** | 1.3 (1.1–1.6)*** | 2.1 (1.7–2.7)*** | |
| Alcohol | 605 (2.0) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6)*** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)*** | 1.9 (1.6–2.2)*** | 1.3 (1.0-1.5)* | 2.1 (1.6–2.7)*** | |
| Drugs | 327 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1)*** | 1.7 (1.5–2.1)*** | 2.6 (2.1–3.2)*** | 1.4 (1.1–1.9)* | 2.4 (1.6–3.4)*** | |
| Tobacco | 13 (0.0) | 2.1 (1.1-4.0)* | 2.0 (0.9–4.6) | 2.0 (0.6–6.4) | 3.1 (0.8–12.9) | –a | |
| Crime | 530 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4)*** | 1.2 (1.0-1.4)* | 1.5 (1.3–1.8)*** | 1.3 (1.0-1.6)* | 1.6 (1.1–2.2)** | |
| Death | 10 (0.0) | 3.0 (1.3–6.7)** | 1.9 (0.6–6.2) | 7.4 (2.5–21.3)*** | 1.9 (0.4–7.7) | 6.3 (0.8–51.4) | |
| Somatic disease | 4 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.6–4.2) | 1.3 (0.3–5.4) | 2.0 (0.3–15.2) | 2.3 (0.3–17.2) | –a | |
| Half siblings N = 15,946 | Any problem | 1264 (7.9) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)*** | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)** | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)*** | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6)** |
| Substance use disorder | 848 (5.3) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4)*** | 1.2 (1.1–1.4)** | 1.4 (1.2–1.6)*** | 1.2 (1.0-1.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9)*** | |
| Alcohol | 589 (3.7) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4)*** | 1.2 (1.0-1.4)* | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)** | 1.3 (1.0-1.6)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | |
| Drugs | 401 (2.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.5)*** | 1.2 (1.0-1.4)* | 1.5 (1.3–1.9)*** | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 2.0 (1.5–2.7)*** | |
| Tobacco | 6 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0.3 (0.0-1.9) | 1.4 (0.4–4.6) | –a | 2.2 (0.5–9.4) | |
| Crime | 706 (4.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)*** | 1.2 (1.0-1.4)** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)*** | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | |
| Death | 12 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | 1.7 (0.6–4.7) | –a | 3.0 (0.9–9.4) | |
| Somatic disease | 5 (0.0) | 2.3 (0.9–5.9) | 1.9 (0.4–8.3) | 4.2 (0.9–19.2) | –a | 3.8 (0.5–31.5) | |
| Parents N = 50,155 | Any problem | 5720 (11.4) | 1.5 (1.4–1.5)*** | 1.3 (1.2–1.3)*** | 2.0 (1.9–2.1)*** | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)*** | 1.7 (1.5–1.8)*** |
| Substance use disorder | 3110 (6.2) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.5)*** | 2.3 (2.2–2.5)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.6)*** | 2.1 (1.9–2.4)*** | |
| Alcohol | 2401 (4.8) | 1.7 (1.6–1.7)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.5)*** | 2.2 (2.0-2.4)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.6)*** | 2.2 (1.9–2.5)*** | |
| Drugs | 1187 (2.4) | 1.9 (1.8-2.0)*** | 1.5 (1.3–1.6)*** | 2.9 (2.6–3.2)*** | 1.5 (1.3–1.7)*** | 2.2 (1.8–2.7)*** | |
| Tobacco | 137 (0.3) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8)*** | 1.6 (1.2-2.0)*** | 2.0 (1.5–2.7)*** | 0.6 (0.3-1.0) | 2.4 (1.4–4.1)** | |
| Crime | 3855 (7.7) | 1.3 (1.3–1.4)*** | 1.1 (1.1–1.2)*** | 1.9 (1.8-2.0)*** | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6)*** | |
| Death | 161 (0.3) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1)*** | 1.5 (1.2–1.9)** | 2.7 (2.1–3.5)*** | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 2.2 (1.2-4.0)** | |
| Somatic diseases | 201 (0.4) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8)*** | 1.3 (1.0-1.6)* | 2.0 (1.5–2.6)*** | 1.7 (1.2–2.2)*** | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | |
Results stratified by comorbidity in probands
ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ID intellectual disability
*p value <0.05;**p value <0.01; ***p value <0.001
aOR and 95 % CI were not calculable due to no observations