Skip to main content
. 2016 Oct 6;20(1):233–246. doi: 10.1007/s11743-016-1887-7

Table 2.

Matrix of the experimental design and experimental data obtained for the dependent variables

Run Independent variables Dependent variables
Type of surfactant, Em-ra Emulsifier concentration, Em-c (%) Speed of stirring, rpm Pre-emulsification time, premix time (min) Output power of ultrasound, M (%) Droplet size, d (nm) (mean ± SD) Polydispersity index (PDI) Multi-modality, N Viscosity for 50 1/s, η (mPa·s) (mean ± SD) Visual observation (VO) Visual observation (VO) (appearance after 2 weeks)
1 1 6 100 15 60 1819 ± 69 0.24 2 682 ± 71 Creaming Phase separation
2 1 2 500 15 60 811.6 ± 25 0.368 2 670 ± 42 Phase separation Phase separation
3 −1 6 500 15 20 152.1 ± 3 0.25 1 480 ± 49 Phase separation Homogeneous
4 1 6 500 5 20 1304 ± 24 0.256 1 688 ± 11 Phase separation Phase separation
5 1 6 100 5 20 1050 ± 21 0.219 2 740 ± 10 Phase separation Phase separation
6 1 2 100 5 60 656 ± 16 0.236 2 620 ± 30 Phase separation Phase separation
7 −1 2 100 15 20 226.8 ± 3 0.279 2 610 ± 27 Creaming Creaming
8 −1 2 500 5 60 306 ± 3 0.503 3 523 ± 67 Homogeneous Creaming
9 −1 6 100 15 60 186 ± 1 0.151 1 514 ± 66 Homogeneous Homogeneous
10 1 2 500 15 20 572.2 ± 4 0.134 1 721 ± 4 Homogeneous Phase separation
11 −1 6 500 5 60 169.1 ± 15 0.386 3 577 ± 11 Creaming Creaming
12 −1 2 100 5 20 203.7 ± 2 0.243 1 469 ± 23 Creaming Creaming
13 −1 4 300 10 40 209.1 ± 1 0.285 1 517 ± 33 Creaming Homogeneous
14 1 4 300 10 40 939.9 ± 9 0.205 1 692 ± 2 Phase separation Phase separation
15 0 2 300 10 40 713.6 ± 20 0.478 3 756 ± 86 Creaming Phase separation
16 0 6 300 10 40 592.8 ± 46 0.595 3 500 ± 73 Homogeneous Phase separation
17 0 4 100 10 40 157.3 ± 1 0.142 1 733 ± 57 Creaming Phase separation
18 0 4 500 10 40 1442 ± 48 0.918 3 656 ± 5 Creaming Creaming
19 0 4 300 5 40 248 ± 4 0.279 1 653 ± 100 Creaming Creaming
20 0 4 300 15 40 1054 ± 30 0.796 3 694 ± 74 Homogeneous Phase separation
21 0 4 300 10 20 205 ± 1 0.218 1 626 ± 28 Phase separation Homogeneous
22 0 4 300 10 60 4005 ± 103 0.357 2 699 ± 26 Homogeneous Phase separation
23 0 4 300 10 40 146.8 ± 2 0.395 2 597 ± 14 Homogeneous Homogeneous
24 0 4 300 10 40 150.6 ± 5 0.282 2 510 ± 44 Homogeneous Phase separation
25 0 4 300 10 40 154.5 ± 3 0.169 2 540 ± 20 Creaming Homogeneous

aEm–r: −1 polysorbate 80, 0 decyl glucoside, 1 polyglyceryl-4 ester blend