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Hypoxia induced ER stress in HK-2 cells. (a) Effect of hypoxia on the mRNA expression level of GRP78 and CHOP. (b) Effect of hypoxia on mRNA expression level of PERK signaling pathway, including PERK, eIF2α, and ATF4. (c) Effect of hypoxia on the mRNA expression level of IRE1α signaling pathway, including IRE1α, XBP1u, and XBP1s. (d) Effect of hypoxia on the mRNA expression level of ATF6 signaling pathway. Data were presented as the mean ± SD (n = 4 per group).
