Table 1.
Subtype | Marker | Function, clinical relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Osteosarcoma | Sarcosphere | Drug resistance, overexpressing Oct3/4, Nanog, and Stat3 | [16–19] |
CD133 | Sphere formation, multipotency, tumorigenicity, self-renewal, inclusion of SP cells, overexpressing Oct3/4 and Nanog | [24–26] | |
/CD49f− | Sphere formation, migration, invasion, tumorigenicity, lung metastasis | [28] | |
/CD44 | Sphere formation, migration, invasion, tumorigenicity, lung metastasis | [27] | |
CD117/Stro-1 | Drug resistance, invasion, metastasis, tumorigenicity, self-renewal, overexpressing ABCG2 and CXCR4 | [25, 41] | |
SP | Drug resistance, self-renewal, tumorigenicity | [34, 35] | |
/CD248 | Tumorigenicity, invasion | [40] | |
ALDH | Proliferation, tumorigenicity, overexpressing Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2, and Stat3 | [47, 48] | |
CBX3 and ABCA5 | Highly expressed in spheres | [49] | |
CD47 | Invasion, blockage of macrophage phagocytosis, prognostic value | [52] | |
CD271 | Self-renewal, differentiation, drug resistance, tumorigenicity, overexpressing Oct3/4, Nanog, Stat3, Bcl-2, and ABCG2 | [54] | |
Oct3/4 | Tumorigenicity, self-renewal | [57, 58] | |
Sox2 | Soft agar growth, migration, invasion, tumorigenicity, reduced Wnt signaling | [59] | |
| |||
Ewing sarcoma | Sarcosphere | Drug resistance, overexpressing Oc3/4, Nanog, Stat3, Sox2, Sox 10, and EWS-FLI1, fail to self-renew and enhance tumorigenicity | [19, 20] |
CD133 | Sphere formation, multipotency, tumorigenicity, overexpressing Oct3/4 and Nanog, no difference in drug resistance and tumorigenicity | [29, 30] | |
CD57 | Migration, invasion, multipotency, tumorigenicity, no correlation with CD133 | [55] | |
SP | Drug resistance, clonogenicity, invasion, asymmetric division | [33, 36, 37] | |
ALDH | Clonogenicity, sphere formation, tumorigenicity, drug resistance | [46] | |
| |||
Chondrosarcoma | Sarcosphere | Multipotency, overexpressing Oct3/4, Nanog, and Stat3, expressing Stro-1, CD44, and CD105 | [16] |
CD133 | Tumorigenicity | [25] | |
SP | NA | [34] |
SP: side population; ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase; NA: not available.