Osteosarcoma |
Signaling pathways |
MAPK |
3AB-OS |
Self-renewal, tumorigenicity |
[60, 61] |
Wnt/β-catenin |
Sarcosphere, SP |
Tumorigenicity, drug resistance, invasion |
[64, 65] |
Notch |
ALDH |
Oxidative stress, migration, invasion, VEGF expression |
[69] |
TGF-β
|
Sarcosphere |
Dedifferentiation, clonogenicity |
[70] |
TNF-α
|
AX |
Tumorigenesis, differentiation |
[71] |
BMP2 |
ALDH |
Tumorigenesis, stem-cell marker, differentiation marker |
[72] |
|
Osteosarcoma |
Epigenetic regulators |
miR-29b |
3AB-OS |
Sphere, clonogenicity, drug resistance |
[76] |
miR-133a |
CD133 |
Invasion, metastasis, prognosis |
[77] |
miR-143 |
CD133/ALDH |
Drug resistance, autophagy, prognosis |
[78] |
miR-1247 |
CD117/Stro-1 |
Sphere, proliferation |
[79] |
HIF2PUT |
CD133 |
Sphere, proliferation, migration, alteration of HIF2-α mRNA |
[82] |
Telomerase |
Sarcosphere |
Sphere, invasion, drug resistance, tumorigenicity |
[85] |
TSSC3 |
Sarcosphere |
Sphere, clonogenicity, apoptosis, regulate Oct3/4, Nanog, and Sox2 |
[86] |
MLH1, MSH2 |
Sarcosphere |
Drug resistance |
[19] |
|
Ewing sarcoma |
Epigenetic regulators |
TARBP2 |
CD133 |
Tumorigenicity, CD133+ frequency |
[81] |
miR-145 |
CD133 |
Tumorigenicity |
[80] |
miR-143, -145 |
CD133 |
Clonogenicity, tumorigenicity |
[81] |