Table 3.

Analysis of skin replicas

	Skin roughness (R1)				Maximum roughness (R2)				Average roughness (R3)
	GC	Placebo	p1)	p2)	GC	Placebo	p1)	p2)	GC	Placebo	p1)	p2)
Baseline	0.14 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.05			0.09 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.03			0.06 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.02
After 4 wks	0.13 ± 0.03	0.13 ± 0.05	0.291	0.407	0.08 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.03	0.833	0.216	0.05 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.02	0.968	0.478
Difference3)	−0.01 ± 0.04	0.00 ± 0.03	0.011*		−0.01 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	0.005**		0.00 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.01	0.004**
p4)	0.008**	0.007**			0.005**	0.004**			0.003**	0.003**
After 8 wks	0.12 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.06	0.265	0.859	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.04	0.272	0.579	0.05 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02	0.645	0.828
Difference5)	−0.02 ± 0.04	−0.02 ± 0.04	0.011*		−0.01 ± 0.02	−0.01 ± 0.03	0.007**		−0.01 ± 0.01	−0.01 ± 0.012	0.005**
p4)	0.007**	0.009**			0.004**	0.006**			0.003**	0.003*
After 12 wks	0.11 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.06	0.693	0.015*	0.07 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.03	0.844	0.044*	0.05 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.270	0.022*
Difference6)	−0.03 ± 0.04	0.00 ± 0.04	0.012*		−0.02 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	0.007**		−0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.02	0.004**
p4)	0.008*	0.009**			0.005**	0.005**			0.003**	0.004**

	Smoothness depth (R4)				Arithmetic average (R5)
	GC	Placebo	p1)	p2)	GC	Placebo	p1)	p2)
Baseline	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02			0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01
After 4 wks	0.06 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.02	0.574	0.359	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.397	0.650
Difference3)	−0.01 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	0.006**		0.00 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.01	0.003**
p4)	0.005**	0.004**			0.003**	0.002**
After 8 wks	0.06 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.03	0.279	1.000	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.02	0.386	0.748*
Difference5)	−0.01 ± 0.02	−0.01 ± 0.02	0.006**		0.00 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.01	0.003**
p4)	0.003**	0.005*			0.002**	0.002**
After 12 wks	0.06 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.03	0.955	0.034*	0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.02	0.920	0.065*
Difference6)	−0.01 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	0.007**		−0.00 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.01	0.003**
p4)	0.005**	0.005**			0.002**	0.002**

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Student t test for comparison with placebo group.

GC, mixture of Panax ginseng and Crataegus pinnatifida.

¹⁾Compared between groups: p value by Student t test.

²⁾Compared between groups: p value by analysis of covariance (adjustment with baseline).

³⁾After 8 wks – baseline.

⁴⁾Compared within groups: p value by paired t test.

⁵⁾After 16 wks – baseline.

⁶⁾After 24 wks – baseline.