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A cartoon model showing the transition of the S trimer spikes from receptor-binding inactive to active and subsequent fusogenic states. For betacoronavirus S glycoprotein utilizing the CTD1 as the receptor-binding domain, the state transition of the S trimer with the “down” to “up” conformational change of CTD1 would allow receptor binding and may initiate subsequent conformational changes in the S2 subunits to mediate membrane fusion.
