Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to diabetes status
| Demographics | DM (n = 60) | Non-DM (n = 95) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 70.8 (9.6) | 69.7 (10.8) | 0.54 |
| Sex (female/male), % | 32/68 | 33/67 | 0.90 |
| IHD, n (%) | 40 (67) | 52 (55) | 0.20 |
| NYHA I + II vs. III + IV, % | 77/23 | 85/15 | 0.21 |
| AF, n (%) | 18 (30) | 21 (22) | 0.30 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 134 (110–151) | 135 (120–146) | 0.58 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 73 (66–81) | 69 (60–81) | 0.03 |
| Metabolism | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 (5.4) | 26.3 (5.0) | 0.05 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 6.9 (1.4) | 5.7 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/l) | 11.7 (2.9) | 6.6 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| HbA1C, mmol/mol | 49 (12) | 40 (4) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.8 (1.5–5.8) | 1.7 (1.0–2,8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.1) | 0.02 |
| Estimated GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 68 (26) | 74 (19) | 0.10 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1111 (418–2227) | 771 (310–1854) | 0.08 |
| Gal-3, ng/ml | 17.9 (12.9–26.1) | 15.6 (12.6–19.3) | 0.02 |
| Fibulin-1, μg/ml | 60 (19) | 55 (13) | 0.07 |
| Echocardiographic variables | |||
| LVEF rest, % | 34 (29–41) | 39 (33–45) | 0.003 |
| S’ (rest), cm/s | 5.2 (4.5–6.5) | 5.7 (4.8–6.4) | 0.10 |
| E, cm/s | 81.6 (62.2–99.7) | 72.9 (60.0–92.4) | 0.31 |
| e’, cm/s | 5.9 (4.6–7.5) | 6.6 (5.5–8.7) | 0.03 |
| E/e’ (rest) per unit | 12.2 (9.6–16.5) | 10.2 (8.1–15.4) | 0.007 |
| LVEF stress, % | 40 (34–47) | 49 (40–57) | <0.001 |
| LV contractile reserve, % | 7 (2–10) | 10 (4–15) | 0.01 |
| S’ (stress), cm/s | 8.3 (6.3–9.6) | 7.3 (5.7–8.5) | 0.03 |
| Medical treatment | |||
| ACE/AngII-inhibitors, n, (%) | 85 (89) | 48 (80) | 0.10 |
| β-blocker, n (%) | 53 (88) | 72 (76) | 0.05 |
| Loop diuretic dose, mg/24 h | 60 (0–80) | 0 (0–60) | 0.001 |
Oral glucose tolerance test was only performed in the non-diabetic HF patient. 2hPG: 2 h plasma glucose. AF Atrial fibrillation; BMI Body mass index; BSA Body surface area E Peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; e’; early diastolic longitudinal tissue velocities; FPG Fasting plasma glucose; Gal-3 Galectin-3; GFR Glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment of Insulin Resistance. IHD Ischemic heart disease; LV left ventricular; LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP N-terminal pro B-natriuretic peptide; NYHA NYHA functional class; S’ Systolic longitudinal tissue velocity