Figure 1.

Wolbachia infection frequencies in west Africa. On Bioko, Wolbachia infection frequencies did not differ statistically through time for (A) D. yakuba or (B) D. teissieri. Infection frequencies did differ statistically significantly through time on São Tomé for (C) D. yakuba between 2001 (0.4) and 2009 (0.76) (P < 0.001), and for (D) D. santomea between 2009 (0.77) and 2015 (0.37) (P < 0.0001). In. D. yakuba, Wolbachia frequencies differed spatially in 2009 between Bioko (0.03) and São Tomé (0.76) (P < 0.0001). Data are infection frequencies ± exact 95% binomial confidence intervals. An asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference between years.