Table 5.

Factors associated with infant mortality in Nepal in 2011 (unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio)

	NDHS 2011
Variables	Unadjusted				Adjusted
	COR	95% CI		P value	AOR	95% CI		P value
Community level factors
Region				0.409
Far-Western	1.498	0.995	2.254	0.053
Mid-Western	1.135	0.739	1.744	0.561
Western	1.271	0.826	1.956	0.274
Central	1.176	0.716	1.933	0.520
Eastern	1.000
Ecological Zone				0.124
Terai	0.653	0.424	1.004	0.052
Hill	0.712	0.484	1.046	0.083
Mountain	1.000
Delivery Assisted				0.091				0.015
Some assistance	0.523	0.247	1.109	0.091	0.347	0.148	0.814	0.015
No assistance	1.000				1.000
Socioeconomic Factors
Maternal occupation				0.726
Unemployed	1.073	0.721	1.598	0.726
Employed	1.000
Maternal Education				0.329
No education	1.754	0.706	4.361	0.225
Incomplete	1.521	0.587	3.940	0.387
primary/Primary	1.273	0.488	3.320	0.621
Incomplete Secondary/Secondary	1.000
Paternal Education				0.004				0.010
No education	2.844	1.405	5.757	0.004	3.011	1.471	6.162	0.003
Incomplete	2.555	1.245	5.246	0.011	2.788	1.354	5.738	0.006
primary/Primary	1.676	0.815	3.446	0.159	1.756	0.909	3.389	0.093
Incomplete Secondary/Secondary Higher	1.000				1.000
Maternal Literacy				0.017
Unable to read at all	1.481	1.072	2.046	0.017
Able to read parts or whole sentence	1.000
Wealth Index				0.582
Poorest	1.620	0.926	2.835	0.091
Poorer	1.466	0.781	2.750	0.233
Middle	1.527	0.824	2.830	0.178
Richer	1.497	0.766	2.924	0.237
Richest	1.000
Biomass use				0.054
Relatively non-polluting	0.594	0.349	1.008	0.054
Relatively high polluting	1.000
Proximate Factors
Maternal factors
Decision Making on own health care need				0.421
Respondent alone	0.823	0.470	1.441	0.495
Respondent and	0.657	0.389	1.110	0.116
Husband/partner/other	0.817	0.495	1.349	0.428
Husband/Partner Alone/ Someone Else	1.000
Decision Making capacity on money expenditure				0.455
Respondent alone	0.429	0.062	2.985	0.391
Respondent and	0.498	0.069	3.601	0.488
husband/partner/other	1.042	0.132	8.208	0.969
Husband/Partner Alone Someone Else	1.000
Maternal BMI				0.467
Underweight	0.603	0.251	1.447	0.256
Normal range	0.693	0.356	1.350	0.280
Overweight/Obese	1.000
Mother’s age at marriage				0.490
<16 years	1.230	0.656	2.307	0.517
17–21 years	1.001	0.543	1.845	0.999
>22 years	1.000
Mother’s age at child birth				0.127
<16 years	1.623	0.933	2.824	0.086
17–21 years	1.576	1.008	2.465	0.046
>22 years	1.000
Infant factors
Sex of child				0.213
Male	1.193	0.903	1.577	0.213
Female	1.000
Birth order				0.273
>4th birth rank	1.312	0.875	1.968	0.187
2nd or 3rd birth	1.009	0.659	1.545	0.967
1st birth rank	1.000
Preceding Birth Interval				0.001				0.038
<=24 months	2.121	1.459	3.084	0.001	1.941	1.036	3.635	0.038
>24 months	1.000				1.000
Succeeding Birth Interval				0.001				0.003
<=24 months	4.162	2.579	6.717	0.001	3.215	1.505	6.866	0.003
>24 months					1.000
Baby’s size at birth				0.003				0.025
Very large/larger than	0.399	0.233	0.684	0.001	0.170	0.047	0.624	0.008
average	0.569	0.365	0.886	0.013	0.717	0.333	1.546	0.394
Average Very small or smaller than average	1.000				1.000
Delivery factors
Place of delivery				0.316
Home	1.230	0.820	1.846	0.316
Health Facility	1.000
Delivery assisted by				0.291
Professional	0.482	0.224	1.038	0.062
TBA	0.556	0.255	1.215	0.141
Combined	0.448	0.126	1.597	0.215
No assistance	1.000
Mode of Delivery				0.029				0.022
Normal delivery	4.073	1.152	14.399	0.029	4.423	1.664	3.379	0.022
Caesarean Section	1.000				1.000
Currently breastfeeding				0.002				0.001
No	1.618	1.190	2.202	0.002	2.382	1.674	3.390	0.001
Yes	1.000				1.000

Abbreviations: COR crude odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio