Table 2.
Distribution of government healthcare subsidy (GHS) by income quintiles, concentration index (CI), and Kakwani index (KI)
| Year | Area | Income quintiles | Living standard | Outpatient GHS | Inpatient GHS | Total GHS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Urban (A) | poorest 20% | 4.93% | 13.75% | 11.33% | 13.11% |
| 2nd poorest | 8.51% | 14.58% | 14.43% | 14.54% | ||
| 3rd | 12.69% | 23.26% | 24.89% | 23.70% | ||
| 2nd richest | 19.64% | 24.24% | 18.74% | 22.78% | ||
| richest 20% | 54.23% | 24.17% | 30.61% | 25.88% | ||
| Gini/CI | 0.5805b | 0.1527b | 0.2036a | 0.1662b | ||
| (SE) | (0.0092) | (0.0549) | (0.0732) | (0.0469) | ||
| KI | - | −0.4278a | −0.3769a | −0.4143a | ||
| (SE) | (0.0559) | (0.0739) | (0.0480) | |||
| Dominance test | ||||||
| -against 450 line | D - | D - | D - | |||
| -against Lorenz curve | D + | D + | D + | |||
| Rural (B) | poorest 20% | 8.05% | 10.76% | 7.43% | 9.59% | |
| 2nd poorest | 12.41% | 11.77% | 11.03% | 11.51% | ||
| 3rd | 16.45% | 19.42% | 17.35% | 18.69% | ||
| 2nd richest | 22.11% | 30.04% | 17.46% | 25.64% | ||
| richest 20% | 40.98% | 28.01% | 46.74% | 34.56% | ||
| Gini/CI | 0.3921b | 0.2664a | 0.4497a | 0.3305b | ||
| (SE) | (0.0041) | (0.0924) | (0.1373) | (0.0778) | ||
| KI | - | −0.1257a | 0.0576a | −0.0616a | ||
| (SE) | (0.0924) | (0.1371) | (0.0777) | |||
| Dominance test | ||||||
| -against 450 line | D - | D - | D - | |||
| -against Lorenz curve | none | none | none | |||
| 2007 | Urban (C) | poorest 20% | 7.70% | 13.36% | 8.77% | 10.77% |
| 2nd poorest | 11.88% | 20.60% | 8.72% | 13.89% | ||
| 3rd | 16.06% | 14.91% | 13.76% | 14.26% | ||
| 2nd richest | 21.86% | 21.83% | 27.41% | 24.98% | ||
| richest 20% | 42.51% | 29.30% | 41.34% | 36.10% | ||
| Gini/CI | 0.4154b | 0.1581a | 0.4433a | 0.3193b | ||
| (SE) | (0.0049) | (0.0513) | (0.0789) | (0.0513) | ||
| KI | - | −0.2572a | 0.0280a | −0.0961a | ||
| (SE) | (0.0515) | (0.0790) | (0.0514) | |||
| Dominance test | ||||||
| -against 450 line | none | D - | D - | |||
| -against Lorenz curve | D + | none | none | |||
| Rural (D) | poorest 20% | 9.03% | 13.73% | 5.36% | 8.88% | |
| 2nd poorest | 13.31% | 16.42% | 7.68% | 11.36% | ||
| 3rd | 17.07% | 18.57% | 16.97% | 17.65% | ||
| 2nd richest | 22.10% | 22.40% | 20.95% | 21.56% | ||
| richest 20% | 38.49% | 28.88% | 49.04% | 40.55% | ||
| Gini/CI | 0.3507b | 0.2006a | 0.5375a | 0.3957b | ||
| (SE) | (0.0032) | (0.0506) | (0.0652) | (0.0449) | ||
| KI | - | −0.1501a | 0.1868a | 0.0450a | ||
| (SE) | (0.0506) | (0.0650) | (0.0447) | |||
| Dominance test | ||||||
| -against 450 line | D - | D - | D - | |||
| -against Lorenz curve | none | D - | none | |||
| Inequality difference | Δ(Urban–rural) | 2002 (A-B) | - | −0.3021 | −0.4346 | −0.3527 |
| Dominance test | none | none | none | |||
| 2007 (C-D) | - | −0.1071 | −0.1589 | −0.1411 | ||
| Dominance test | none | none | none | |||
| Δ(2007–2002) | Urban (C-A) | - | 0.1706 | 0.4049 | 0.3182 | |
| Dominance test | none | none | none | |||
| Rural (D-B) | - | −0.0244 | 0.1292 | 0.1065 | ||
| Dominance test | none | none | none | |||
None indicates failure to reject the null hypothesis that curves are indistinguishable at the 5 percent significance level
D+/D- indicates concentration curve dominates (is dominated by) the Lorenz curve or concentration curve in one year or area and dominates (is dominated by) the other in another year or area
aSignificant at 0.05
bSignificant at 0.01