Table 3.
Factors associated with moderate vs. low frequency of self-perceived uselessness, CLHLS 2005–2014
| Moderate frequency vs. low frequency of self-perceived uselessness | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model V | Model VI | Model VII | |
| Fixed attributes (A) | |||||||
| Age 80–89 (age 65–79) | 1.24*** | 1.17*** | 1.18*** | 1.23*** | 1.17*** | 1.05 | 1.00 |
| Age 90–99 (age 65–79) | 1.27*** | 1.18*** | 1.15*** | 1.25*** | 1.13*** | 0.96 | 0.89** |
| Age 100+ (age 65–79) | 1.27*** | 1.16*** | 1.14** | 1.26*** | 1.08+ | 0.90* | 0.82*** |
| Male (female) | 0.87*** | 0.94* | 0.92*** | 0.88*** | 0.92*** | 0.93*** | 1.02 |
| Han (non-Han) | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.06 |
| High optimism (low) | 0.51*** | 0.53*** | 0.50*** | 0.51*** | 0.53*** | 0.63*** | 0.64*** |
| High self-control (low) | 0.74*** | 0.77*** | 0.73*** | 0.73*** | 0.79*** | 0.85** | 0.86*** |
| Resources (R) | |||||||
| 1–6 years of schooling (0) | 0.93* | 0.95 | |||||
| 7+ years of schooling (0) | 0.79*** | 0.83** | |||||
| Spouse 1–6 years of schooling (0) | 0.95 | 0.98 | |||||
| Spouse 7+ years of schooling (0) | 0.89* | 0.92 | |||||
| Spouse education missing (0) | 0.92 | 0.90 | |||||
| Father 1+ years of schooling (0) | 0.99 | 1.00 | |||||
| Father education missing (0) | 0.87** | 0.90+ | |||||
| Urban (rural) | 0.92** | 0.92** | |||||
| White collar (no) | 0.94 | 0.92+ | |||||
| Economic independence (dependence) | 0.88*** | 0.92* | |||||
| Rich family economic condition (fair/poor) | 0.74*** | 0.82*** | |||||
| Environments (E) -- Family/social support | |||||||
| Currently married (no) | 0.84*** | 0.89** | |||||
| Most frequently contacted person, friend/relative (family member) | 1.03 | 1.08* | |||||
| No one to contact (family member) | 0.99 | 0.86* | |||||
| Most trusted person, friend/relative (family member) | 0.92 | 0.90 | |||||
| No one to trust (family member) | 0.93 | 0.91 | |||||
| Most helpful person, friend/relative (family member) | 1.12 | 1.04 | |||||
| No one to ask for help (family member) | 1.02 | 1.05 | |||||
| Community care services available (no) | 0.81** | 0.81** | |||||
| Community social services available (no) | 0.94 | 1.08* | |||||
| Environments (E) --Cultural tradition | |||||||
| Coresidence with children (no) | 0.90* | 0.93 | |||||
| Concordant living alone/with spouse (discord.) | 1.02 | 1.09* | |||||
| Concordant coresid. with children (discord.) | 1.06+ | 1.02 | |||||
| Receiving money or food from children (no) | 1.13*** | 1.02 | |||||
| Giving money or food to children (no) | 0.88*** | 1.01 | |||||
| Behaviors (B) | |||||||
| Currently smoking (no) | 1.07* | 1.05+ | |||||
| Currently alcoholic consuming (no) | 0.90** | 0.94+ | |||||
| Regular exercise (no) | 0.75*** | 0.81*** | |||||
| Leisure activity medium level (low) | 0.97 | 1.05 | |||||
| Leisure activity high level (low) | 0.89** | 1.08+ | |||||
| Social participation medium level (low) | 0.88*** | 0.94+ | |||||
| Social participation high level (low) | 0.75*** | 0.82*** | |||||
| Health conditions (H) | |||||||
| ADL disabled (no) | 1.12*** | 1.21*** | |||||
| IADL disabled (no) | 1.57*** | 1.52*** | |||||
| Cognitively impaired (no) | 1.03 | 0.97 | |||||
| 1+ chronic conditions (none) | 1.14*** | 1.19*** | |||||
| High joyfulness (low) | 0.47*** | 0.50**** | |||||
| High loneliness (low) | 2.08*** | 2.07*** | |||||
| Wave 2008 (2005) | 0.94* | 0.92** | 0.95* | 0.94** | 0.92** | 0.82* | 0.82* |
| Wave 2011 (2005) | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 1.05 |
| Wave 2014 (2005) | 1.07 | 1.15* | 1.16** | 1.09* | 1.07 | 1.12** | 1.32*** |
Note: (1) Factors in this Table were not organized by the order of letter of the REHAB framework. (2) Figures in the table were relative risk ratios based on multinomial logit regression. (3) Moderate frequency referred to sometimes and low frequency referred to seldom/never. Results for “unable to answer” and high frequency were not presented. (4) Category in the parentheses of each variable was the reference group. (5) + p < 0.1,*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p < 0.001