Table 4.
Bivariate analysis of the factors related to leaving or losing employment
| Variables | Categories | Left or lost employment |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No |
Yes |
p Value | ||||
| n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | |||
| Sociodemographic data | ||||||
| Sex (N=207) | N=179 | N=28 | 0.257* | |||
| Male | 40 | 22.3 (16.5 to 29.2) | 9 | 32.1 (15.9 to 52.4) | ||
| Female | 139 | 77.7 (70.8 to 83.5) | 19 | 67.9 (47.6 to 84.1) | ||
| Age (N=207) | N=179 | N=28 | 0.735* | |||
| 18–44 | 77 | 43.0 (35.5 to 50.5) | 13 | 46.4 (26.2 to 66.7) | ||
| 45–64 | 102 | 57.0 (49.5 to 64.5) | 15 | 53.6 (33.3 to 73.8) | ||
| Educational level (N=204) | N=176 | N=28 | 0.860* | |||
| No education received | 13 | 7.4 (3.2 to 11.5) | 1 | 3.6 (0.1 to 18.3) | ||
| Primary studies | 41 | 23.3 (16.8 to 29.8) | 7 | 25.0 (7.2 to 42.8) | ||
| Secondary studies | 59 | 33.5 (26.3 to 40.8) | 8 | 28.6 (10.1 to 47.1) | ||
| Vocational training | 31 | 17.6 (11.7 to 23.5) | 5 | 17.9 (6.1 to 36.9) | ||
| University studies | 32 | 18.2 (12.2 to 24.2) | 7 | 25.0 (7.2 to 42.8) | ||
| Pain | ||||||
| Duration of pain (months) (N=206) | N=179 | N=27 | 0.989† | |||
| Mean (95% CI) (SD) | 106.89 (89.9 to 123.8) (114.9) | 105.04 (62.6 to 147.5) (107.4) | ||||
| Number of pain sites (N=206) | N=178 | N=28 | 0.185* | |||
| 1 location | 97 | 54.5 (46.9 to 62.1) | 19 | 67.9 (48.8 to 86.9) | ||
| More than 1 location | 81 | 45.5 (37.9 to 53.1) | 9 | 32.1 (13.1 to 51.2) | ||
| The most affected pain site (N=206) | N=178 | N=28 | 0.249‡ | |||
| Widespread pain | 29 | 16.3 (10.6 to 22.0) | 5 | 17.9 (6.1 to 36.9) | ||
| Head | 23 | 12.9 (7.7 to 18.1) | 1 | 3.6 (0.1 to 18.3) | ||
| Neck (cervical vertebrae) | 16 | 9.0 (4.5 to 13.5) | 1 | 3.6 (0.1 to 18.3) | ||
| Back | 38 | 21.3 (15.0 to 27.6) | 9 | 32.1 (13.1 to 51.2) | ||
| Limbs and/or joints | 61 | 34.3 (27.0 to 41.5) | 7 | 25.0 (7.2 to 42.8) | ||
| Chest | 2 | 1.1 (0.1 to 4.0) | 1 | 3.6 (0.1 to 18.3) | ||
| Abdomen | 5 | 2.8 (0.9 to 6.4) | 3 | 10.7 (2.3 to 28.2) | ||
| Other | 4 | 2.2 (0.6 to 5.7) | 1 | 3.6 (0.1 to 18.3) | ||
| N=178 | N=28 | |||||
| Pain intensity (N=206) | Slight or very slight | 9 | 5.1 (1.6 to 8.6) | 2 | 7.1 (0.9 to 23.5) | 0.000‡ |
| Moderate | 90 | 50.6 (42.9 to 58.2) | 3 | 10.7 (2.3 to 28.2) | ||
| Severe | 61 | 34.3 (27.0 to 41.5) | 11 | 39.3 (19.4 to 59.2) | ||
| Unbearable | 18 | 10.1 (5.4 to 14.8) | 12 | 42.9 (22.7 to 63.0) | ||
| Number of medical pain consultations last year (N=193) | N=166 | N=27 | 0.400† | |||
| Mean (95% CI) (SD) | 3.36 (2.8 to 3.9) (3.6) | 5.30 (2.8 to 7.8) (6.4) | ||||
| Currently taking pain relief medication (N=207) | N=179 | N=28 | 0.057* | |||
| No | 62 | 34.6 (27.4 to 41.9) | 5 | 17.9 (6.1 to 36.9) | ||
| Yes | 117 | 65.4 (58.1 to 72.6) | 23 | 82.1 (63.1 to 93.9) | ||
| Opinion on the care received (N=190) | N=164 | N=26 | 0.002‡ | |||
| Very unsatisfied | 6 | 3.7 (0.5 to 6.8) | 6 | 23.1 (9.0 to 43.6) | ||
| Unsatisfied | 19 | 11.6 (6.4 to 16.8) | 2 | 7.7 (0.9 to 25.1) | ||
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 27 | 16.5 (10.5 to 22.4) | 7 | 26.9 (8.0 to 45.9) | ||
| Satisfied | 76 | 46.3 (38.4 to 54.3) | 7 | 26.9 (8.0 to 45.9) | ||
| Very satisfied | 36 | 22.0 (15.3 to 28.6) | 4 | 15.4 (4.4 to 34.9) | ||
| Mood | ||||||
| Sadness (N=207) | N=179 | N=28 | <0.001‡ | |||
| Not at all | 58 | 32.4 (25.3 to 39.5) | 3 | 10.7 (2.3 to 28.2) | ||
| A little | 31 | 17.3 (11.5 to 23.1) | 3 | 10.7 (2.3 to 28.2) | ||
| Some | 47 | 26.3 (19.5 to 33.0) | 4 | 14.3 (4.0 to 32.7) | ||
| Quite a lot | 29 | 16.2 (10.5 to 21.9) | 8 | 28.6 (10.1 to 47.1) | ||
| A lot | 14 | 7.8 (3.6 to 12.0) | 10 | 35.7 (16.2 to 55.2) | ||
| Anxiety and distress (N=206) | N=178 | N=28 | 0.013* | |||
| Not at all | 59 | 33.1 (26.0 to 40.3) | 4 | 14.3 (4.0 to 32.7) | ||
| A little | 35 | 19.7 (13.5 to 25.8) | 3 | 10.7 (2.3 to 28.2) | ||
| Some | 36 | 20.2 (14.0 to 26.4) | 5 | 17.9 (6.1 to 36.9) | ||
| Quite a lot | 31 | 17.4 (11.6 to 23.3) | 8 | 28.6 (10.1 to 47.1) | ||
| A lot | 17 | 9.6 (5.0 to 14.1) | 8 | 28.6 (10.1 to 47.1) | ||
| Family and social environment | ||||||
| The individual considers that his/her pain affects his/her family (N=206) | N=178 | N=28 | 0.013‡ | |||
| Not at all | 98 | 55.1 (47.5 to 62.6) | 10 | 35.7 (16.2 to 55.2) | ||
| A little | 25 | 14.0 (8.7 to 19.4) | 2 | 7.1 (0.9 to 23.5) | ||
| Some | 31 | 17.4 (11.6 to 23.3) | 6 | 21.4 (8.3 to 41.0) | ||
| Quite a lot | 17 | 9.6 (5.0 to 14.1) | 9 | 32.1 (13.1 to 51.2) | ||
| A lot | 7 | 3.9 (0.8 to 7.1) | 1 | 3.6 (0.1 to 18.3) | ||
| The impact of pain on their relationships with friends (N=206) | N=179 | N=27 | 0.010‡ | |||
| The relationship has been lost because of the pain | 4 | 2.2 (0.6 to 5.6) | 3 | 11.1 (2.4 to 29.2) | ||
| The relationship has deteriorated | 29 | 16.2 (10.5 to 21.9) | 9 | 33.3 (13.7 to 53.0) | ||
| Nothing has changed in the relationship | 145 | 81.0 (75.0 to 87.0) | 15 | 55.6 (35.0 to 76.2) | ||
| The relationship has improved | 1 | 0.6 (0.0 to 3.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Satisfaction with the support received from the family (N=207) | N=179 | N=28 | 0.206* | |||
| Very unsatisfied | 4 | 2.2 (0.6 to 5.6) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Unsatisfied | 4 | 2.2 (0.6 to 5.6) | 3 | 10.7 (2.3 to 28.2) | ||
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 32 | 17.9 (12.0 to 23.8) | 6 | 21.4 (8.3 to 41.0) | ||
| Satisfied | 74 | 41.3 (33.8 to 48.8) | 12 | 42.9 (22.7 to 63.0) | ||
| Very satisfied | 65 | 36.3 (29.0 to 43.6) | 7 | 25.0 (7.2 to 42.8) | ||
*Pearson χ2 test.
†U de Mann-Whitney.
‡Verisimilitude ratio.