Table 4.
Mean scores and standard deviations for neurobehavioral outcomes between non-agricultural and agricultural children.
| Neurobehavioral test (possible score range) | Non-agricultural children
|
Agricultural children
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
N = 55
|
N = 41
|
N = 151
|
N = 129
|
|||||
| N | Time 1 mean (SD) | N | Time 2 mean (SD) | N | Time 1 mean (SD) | N | Time 2 mean (SD) | |
| Completed tests (1–10)a | 37 | 9.11 (1.8) | 29 | 9.32 (1.5) | 85 | 8.83 (2.0) | 74 | 8.75 (2.0) |
| Digit span test | ||||||||
| Forward (3–9) | 52 | 4.9 (1.2) | 40 | 5.1 (1.2) | 133 | 4.6 (1) | 115 | 4.8 (1.1) |
| Reverse (3–9) | 42 | 3.5 (0.8) | 36 | 3.8 (1.0) | 99 | 3.6 (0.9) | 95 | 3.9 (.9) |
| Finger tapping test | ||||||||
| Taps, P | 54 | 64.8 (12.8) | 40 | 72.2 (11.7) | 136 | 67.1 (12.8) | 115 | 72.0 (12.9) |
| Taps, NP | 54 | 54.9 (12.0) | 40 | 61.9 (13.2) | 136 | 57.9 (11.8) | 115 | 63.0 (11.9) |
| Match-to-sample test | ||||||||
| Correct (0–15) | 51 | 12.4 (2.0) | 40 | 13.2 (1.6) | 128 | 12.8 (2.0) | 115 | 12.8 (2.1) |
| Latency, msb | 51 | 4100 (900) | 40 | 4260 (1520) | 128 | 4150 (990) | 115 | 4000 (900) |
| Symbol-digit test | ||||||||
| Latency, msb | 52 | 4150 (1560) | 39 | 3710 (2270) | 131 | 4020 (1730) | 111 | 3360 (1350) |
| Continuous performance test | ||||||||
| Correct hits (%) | 52 | 89% (14) | 40 | 90% (10) | 133 | 91% (13) | 110 | 92% (12) |
| d prime | 52 | 3.0 (1.0) | 40 | 3.1 (1.0) | 133 | 3.1 (0.96) | 110 | 3.3 (1.0) |
| Divided attention test | ||||||||
| Taps, P | 51 | 54.2 (10.8) | 40 | 71.9 (11.9) | 129 | 55.8 (10.5) | 110 | 59.3 [11] |
| Taps, NP | 51 | 47.3 (10.0) | 40 | 62.2 (13.2) | 129 | 48.9 (10.0) | 109 | 53.0 (9.6) |
| Taps with song, P | 51 | 45.5 (12.7) | 40 | 60.8 (10.5) | 129 | 47.2 (12.0) | 110 | 53.0 (11.1) |
| Taps with song, NP | 51 | 42.7 (9.5) | 40 | 52.7 (10.5) | 129 | 44.3 (11.0) | 109 | 49.1 (10.5) |
| Times sang song, P | 49 | 1.8 (1.0) | 33 | 2.4 (0.8) | 137 | 1.5 (0.82) | 120 | 2.0 (0.84) |
| Times sang song, NP | 51 | 1.7 (1.0) | 33 | 2.5 (0.8) | 137 | 1.6 (0.83) | 116 | 2.1 (0.82) |
| Object memory test | ||||||||
| Utilizationb | 54 | 1.3 (3.1) | 38 | 0.6 (1.8) | 149 | 0.4 (1.2) | 120 | 0.4 (1.6) |
| Immediate recall (0–18) | 54 | 7.7 (2.0) | 38 | 8.2 (2.7) | 149 | 7.2 (2.3) | 120 | 8.7 (2.3) |
| Recognition (0–32) | 54 | 31.4 (2.0) | 37 | 31.6 (1.4) | 143 | 31.4 (1.7) | 118 | 31.8 (0.4) |
| Purdue pegboard test (0–25)c | ||||||||
| Pegs, P | 54 | 13.1 (2.2) | 38 | 13.8 (1.9) | 150 | 13.0 (2.3) | 124 | 14.0 (2.1) |
| Pegs, NP | 54 | 11.4 (2.3) | 38 | 12.7 (1.8) | 149 | 11.6 (2.4) | 123 | 12.6 (2.1) |
| Pegs, both | 54 | 9.5 (2.4) | 38 | 10.4 (2.0) | 148 | 9.8 (2.2) | 123 | 10.5 (2.2) |
| Visual motor integration test | ||||||||
| Figure copying score | 53 | 19.5 (4.2) | 42 | 21.0 (4.1) | 138 | 19.4 (3.7) | 118 | 20.4 (3.6) |
| Name writing test | ||||||||
| P Hand, sb | 53 | 9.1 (6.4) | 38 | 7.3 (4.7) | 143 | 10.9 (8.6) | 121 | 9.5 (8.4) |
| NP Hand, sb | 53 | 20.7 (11.3) | 38 | 18.6 (10.9) | 140 | 22.0 (10.7) | 118 | 19.9 (11) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; P, preferred hand; NP, non-preferred hand; ms, milliseconds; s, seconds.
a
N = total children that completed all the neurobehavioral tests.
b
Lower score indicates better performance.
c
Average scores of trial 1 and trial 2 for each Purdue pegboard test outcome.