Table 2.

Associations between lower atmospheric pressure and the symptoms of MD

	Sea Level Air		High Versus Low		Station Air
	Pressure (hPa)a	p Value	Sea Level Pressure	p Value	Pressure (hPa)a	p Value
Dizziness—regression coefficient (95% CI) representing change in dizziness severity per unit change in atmospheric pressure
Crude	0.05 (0.01, 0.10)	0.01	0.12 (0.04, 0.20)	0.004	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)	0.02
Adjusted	0.05 (0.01, 0.09)	0.02	0.12 (0.03, 0.20)	0.005	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)	0.03
Adjusted 2	0.05 (0.01, 0.10)	0.03	0.12 (0.04, 0.21)	0.005	0.06 (0.00, 0.12)	0.04
No migraine	0.07 (0.02, 0.11)	0.003	0.11 (0.03, 0.20)	0.007	0.08 (0.03, 0.14)	0.004
No unusual events	0.06 (0.02, 0.13)	0.008	0.13 (0.04, 0.21)	0.003	0.07 (0.01, 0.13)	0.02
More than a month	0.08 (0.02, 0.14)	0.007	0.15 (0.05, 0.24)	0.002	0.11 (0.04, 0.18)	0.005
Tinnitus—regression coefficient (95%CI) representing change in tinnitus severity per unit change in atmospheric pressure
Crude	0.06 (0.03, 0.10)	0.001	0.09 (0.02, 0.16)	0.02	0.07 (0.02, 0.12)	0.005
Adjusted	0.06 (0.02, 0.10)	0.001	0.09 (0.02, 0.16)	0.02	0.07 (0.02, 0.12)	0.004
Adjusted 2	0.05 (0.01, 0.09)	0.02	0.02 (−0.13, 0.09)	0.74	0.05 (0.00, 0.10)	0.06
No migraine	0.07 (0.03, 0.11)	0.001	0.08 (0.01, 0.15)	0.02	0.08 (0.03, 0.13)	0.002
No unusual events	0.07 (0.03, 0.10)	0.001	0.09 (0.01, 0.14)	0.02	0.07 (0.02, 0.12)	0.004
More than a month	0.04 (0.00, 0.08)	0.05	0.03 (−0.04, 0.11)	0.33	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)	0.023
Aural fullness—regression coefficient (95% CI) representing change in aural fullness severity per unit change in atmospheric pressure
Crude	0.06 (0.02, 0.10)	0.005	0.12 (0.04, 0.19)	0.002	0.08 (0.02, 0.13)	0.005
Adjusted	0.06 (0.02, 0.10)	0.006	0.12 (0.04, 0.19)	0.003	0.08 (0.02, 0.13)	0.005
Adjusted 2	0.05 (0.01, 0.10)	0.019	0.08 (−0.04, 0.20)	0.20	0.07 (0.01, 0.13)	0.021
No migraine	0.06 (0.02, 0.11)	0.003	0.12 (0.04, 0.20)	0.002	0.08 (0.03, 0.14)	0.003
No unusual events	0.07 (0.03, 0.11)	0.001	0.13 (0.05, 0.21)	0.001	0.09 (0.03, 0.14)	0.002
More than a month	0.05 (−0.01, 0.10)	0.08	0.08 (0.00, 0.17)	0.06	0.07 (0.00, 0.14)	0.05
Hearing loss—regression coefficient (95% CI) representing change in hearing loss per unit change in atmospheric pressure
Crude	0.03 (0.00, 0.07)	0.09	0.05 (−0.01, 0.12)	0.11	0.03 (−0.01, 0.08)	0.14
Adjusted	0.03 (0.00, 0.07)	0.08	0.05 (−0.01, 0.12)	0.10	0.04 (−0.01, 0.08)	0.11
Adjusted 2	0.02 (−0.02, 0.05)	0.39	0.02 (−0.08, 0.12)	0.72	0.02 (−0.03, 0.070)	0.40
No migraine	0.05 (0.02, 0.09)	0.003	0.07 (0.00, 0.12)	0.04	0.07 (0.02, 0.11)	0.005
No unusual events	0.04 (0.00, 0.07)	0.04	0.07 (0.00, 0.13)	0.05	0.05 (0.00, 0.09)	0.05
More than a month	0.07 (0.02, 0.12)	0.003	0.08 (0.00, 0.16)	0.04	0.09 (0.03, 0.15)	0.003
Odds ratio (95% CI) representing the odds of an attack per unit change in atmospheric pressure
Crude	1.11 (1.03, 1.20)	0.010	1.23 (1.05, 1.45)	0.010	1.14 (1.03, 1.27)	0.014
Adjusted	1.10 (1.03, 1.20)	0.012	1.23 (1.05, 1.45)	0.011	1.15 (1.03, 1.27)	0.010
Adjusted 2	1.10 (1.01, 1.19)	0.042	1.20 (1.01, 1.43)	0.037	0.89 (1.01, 1.27)	0.040
No migraine	1.11 (1.01, 1.22)	0.027	1.27 (1.06, 1.52)	0.008	1.15 (1.03, 1.30)	0.014
No unusual events	1.12 (1.03, 1.22)	0.006	1.30 (1.10, 1.54)	0.002	1.15 (1.03, 1.28)	0.010
More than a month	1.27 (1.10, 1.45)	0.001	1.45 (1.14, 1.82)	0.002	1.43 (1.19, 1.69)	<0.001

All models (except crude) adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, unusual and ear affected; “adjusted 2” includes additional adjustment for other weather variables, e.g., if atmospheric pressure investigated then adjusted for temperature, humidity, wind, etc.; “no migraine” excludes participants with migraine from analyses; “no unusual events” excludes unusual events as known to associate with symptoms; “more than a month” includes only users who used app for at least 30 consecutive days.

Bold font indicates p < 0.05.

^aThe data presented represent a one SD reduction in sea level and station air pressure corresponding to a 12.0 and 16.2 hPa reduction.

MD indicates Ménière’s disease.