Table 2.
Association Between Airborne Injuries and Time of Day and Equipment Carriage on Jump
| Risk Factor |
Study |
Conditions |
No. of Aircraft Exitsa |
Risk Ratio (95% CI)b |
Summary Risk Ratio (Summary 95% CI) |
Q Statistic P Value |
I2 Statistic |
Begg and Mazumdar Correlation (P Value) |
| Time of day (night/d)c | Essex-Lopresti,25 1946 | Fixed-wing aircraft | 2166/17 494 | 0.75 (0.51, 1.08) | 1.76 (1.38, 2.25) | <.01 | 82 | −0.11 (.36) |
| Hallel and Naggan,26 1975 | All | 20 529/63 189 | 2.44 (2.05, 2.89) | |||||
| Pirson and Verbiest,28 1985 | Balloon, no equipment | 9948/34 332 | 4.03 (1.35, 11.98) | |||||
| Lillywhite,30 1991 | Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft | 2196/18 412 | 1.44 (0.99, 2.11) | |||||
| Kragh et al,32 1996 | With equipment | 4358/3211 | 1.87 (1.34, 2.63) | |||||
| Knapik et al,24 2008 | Fixed-wing aircraft | 7664/94 524 | 2.25 (1.81, 2.81) | |||||
| Deaton and Roby,42 2010 | All | 467/505 | 1.80 (0.43, 7.50) | |||||
| Knapik et al,5 2014 | All | 44 128/87 619 | 1.76 (1.56, 1.98) | |||||
| Equipment/no equipmentd | Pirson and Verbiest,28 1985 | Day jumps | 44 573/55 547 | 1.98 (1.08, 3.63) | 2.60 (1.87, 3.62) | <.01 | 79 | 0.19 (.27) |
| Lillywhite,30 1991 | Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft | 23 943/3173 | 16.21 (5.21, 50.47) | |||||
| Farrow,31 1992 | All | 3199/5687 | 4.12 (2.41, 7.04) | |||||
| Hay,39 2006 | All | 693/682 | 1.97 (0.80, 4.85) | |||||
| Knapik et al,24 2008 | Fixed-wing aircraft | 20 104/81 932 | 1.65 (1.38, 1.97) | |||||
| Deaton and Roby,42 2010 | All | 385/587 | 4.57 (0.93, 22.54) | |||||
| Knapik et al,5 2014 | All | 58 243/73 503 | 2.29 (2.02, 2.59) |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
a
Aircraft exits (denominators) presented as night/day or equipment/no equipment.
b
Risk ratio for time of day is calculated as night/day; for equipment, it is calculated as equipment/no equipment.
c
Risk ratio for day jumps = 1.00.
d
Risk ratio for jumps without equipment = 1.00.